Philadelphia
January 25-29, 1997
ASHRAE Winter Meeting Technical Program

Sunday
January 26, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT.
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 1
Room: 113C
Chair: Maureen Grasso

A Sensitivity Study of Floor and Ceiling Plenum Energy Model Parameters (RP-787) (4012)
Brian Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Member, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, Donald J. Wolfe, Student Member, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
ASHRAE Research Project 787 was a computational study of the factors that influence heat transfer in ceiling and floor plenums. The heat transfer phenomena in plenums are complex and include conduction, convection, and radiation modes. The public domain nodal program HLITE was used in the project to find the steady-periodic cooling loads in typical office/plenum spaces. A companion program VLITE was used to solve for the radiation view factors. Three-dimensional models of ceiling and floor plenums with six different air distribution schemes were examined.

Existing Knowledge on Possibilities and Limitations of Radiant Floor Cooling (4014)
Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Member, D.F. Liedelt "Velta" GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
To evaluate the usefulness of radiant floor cooling it is important to take into account comfort, cooling capacity, control and design. One limiting factor is the floor surface temperature. In spaces with seated or standing people the floor temperature should not be lower than 19 degrees C (66 degrees F) for comfort reasons. In spaces with mainly seated occupants, the upper comfort limit for the operative temperature in summer is 26 degrees C (79 degrees F). This means that based on the heat exchange between the floor surface and the room a maximum cooling capacity for a floor system is about 5 W/m² (16Btu/h ft²). In several spaces like atrium, entrance hall or other spaces with window facades, there will often be a lot of direct sunshine on the floor. In these cases, the cooling capacity is significantly higher and may reach 100 - 150 W/m² (32-47 Btu/h ft²). The cooling capacity do however also depend on the floor construction, distance between tubes, water flow rate and floor covering. The influence of these parameters are discussed in the paper and a method for the dimensioning based on a European standard is presented.

Experimental Studies on the Air Flow Characteristics of Spaces with Mechanical Ventilation (4013)
Wan Ki Chow, Ph.D., Member, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Wing Yiu Fung, Ph.D., Associate Member, Hong Kong
Ventilation at the occupied zone was studied experimentally in the waiting area of nine railway concourses in Hong Kong. The performance of the mechanical ventilation systems in those areas were also evaluated by studying the age of air, local air velocity and carbon dioxide level. The results show that ventilation effectiveness may not necessarily be improved with increasing supply or extraction flow rate. The revised momentum jet numbers for those stations are also calculated and compared with the mean carbon dioxide concentration and the local age of air. It seems that this parameter can be used for evaluating the performance of the ventilation systems. A linear relation is fitted empirically to correlate the mean local age of air with the revised jet momentum number for the nine stations.

Flow and Temperature Fields Around Human Body with Various Room Air Distribution (4011)
Shuzo Murakami, Member, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Shinsuke Kato, Member, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Jie Zeng, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
The ultimate aim of this study is to develop a computational thermal manikin which enables us to accurately predict the thermal comfort of a human in a room, by computer simulation. This paper describes the concept of the computational thermal manikin and its first-stage development. Flow and temperature field around the human body have been investigated by modeling the thermal manikin with computational fluid dynamics. The convective heat transfer characteristics of the modeled manikin are predicted, for several types of flowfield, i.e., stagnant flow, horizontal uniform flow, downward uniform flow, and upward uniform flow. The obtained results agree well with previous experimental data.

Overview of the ASHRAE Cold Air Distribution Systems Design Guide (4015)
James S. Elleson, P.E., Member, Elleson Engineering, Black Earth, Wisconsin, Allan T. Kirkpatrick, Ph.D., Member, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
This paper provides an introduction to and overview of the ASHRAE Cold Air Distribution Systems Design Guide. The Design Guide was commissioned by ASHRAE to provide designers, building owners, and other interested parties with the basic information needed to design, install, and operate successful cold air distribution systems. This paper presents background information on cold air distribution and describes the contents and use of the Design Guide. This paper also provides an overview of the steps in the cold air distribution design procedure, as well as a bibliography of useful supplemental publications.

Symposium PH-97-01
Room: 108B
Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps & Refrigerating Systems Part 1: Advanced Cycles Evaluation
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Chair: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Sally McInerny
Absorption heat pumps are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to CFC-based space-conditioning systems. The papers cover a wide variety of topics such as absorption/compression cycles, metal hydride heat pumps, performance enhancement using salt additives and membranes, and heat pump component modeling and testing. Theoretical and applied aspects are addressed. These topics are addressed in two symposia. This symposium addresses Advanced Cycles Evaluation. The other symposium scheduled Sunday at 10:15 a.m. addresses Component Modeling, Testing and Performance Enhancement.

1. Current Status of Absorption/Compression Cycle Technology
Eckhard A. Groll, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

2. Comparison of Sorption Systems Based on Equivalent Carnot Cycles
Francis Meunier, Ph.D., Member, CNAM, Paris, France, Pierre Neveu, Ph.D., CNAM, Paris, France, Jean Castaing-Lasvignottes, Ph.D., CNAM, Paris, France

3. Cooling Power/Efficiency Diagrams for a Compressor Driven Metal Hydride Heat Pump
George M. Lloyd, University of Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Arsalan Razani, Ph.D., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Kwang J. Kim, Ph.D., Member, Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, K. Thomas Feldman, Jr., Ph.D., Member, , Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico, Timothy R. Way, Thermal Electric Devices Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico

Symposium PH-97-02
Room: 113A
HVAC Systems and Fire
Sponsor: 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: Louis J. Bentsen, P.E., Honeywell Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois
Liaison: Debra Catanese
Some of the basic issues of fire and smoke technology are effects of sprinklered systems, the toxicity of smoke and the effects HVAC systems have on detection. The results of two Research Projects: RP-838, "The Probablility of Occurrence and Expected Size of Shielded Fires in Sprinklered Buildings;" and the third year's activity of the International Fire Detection Research Project, of which ASHRAE is one of the sponsors, will be reported.

1. Expected Size of Shielded Fires in Sprinklered Office Buildings
Gary D. Lougheed, Ph.D., Member, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

2. The Physiological Effects of Smoke: Managing Escape
Frederic B. Clarke, Ph.D., Benjamin/Clarke Associates, Inc., Arlington, Virginia

3. Simulating the Effects of HVAC Induced Air Flow from Slot Diffusers on Detector Response
John H. Klote, D. Sc., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

Seminar 01
Room: 111
Dentistry and the Indoor Environment
Sponsor: 09.08, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications; 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Chair: Bob Baker, Member, BBJ Chemical Coompounds, Inc., Tampa, Florida
Liaison: Art Hallstrom
Current surgery guidelines and standards contain substantial information providing guidance for the design, operation, and maintenance of HVAC systems serving hospitals and many clinical settings. Clinical facilities which house dental procedures are not mentioned anywhere in these sections. This seminar brings together speakers that deal daily with critical issues involving the health and well being of both patients and those who staff dental offices.

2. Aerosol Management During Tooth Cutting - Pilot Study
Rella P. Christensen, Ph. D., Clinical Research Associates, Provo, Utah

3. Dental Biomaterials - Air Contamination Source?
Jack E. Lemons, Ph.D., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

4. Ventilation Issues in Dental Clinics - Is an Update of 62-89 Needed?
Anthony R. Fogler, Associate Member, United States Army, Aberdenn, Maryland

Seminar 02
Room: Lecture Hall
How to Measure Outdoor Air Ventilation Rates for IAQ Application
Sponsor: 01.02, Instruments and Measurement; 4.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Richard Stonier, Member, Solomat Neotronics, Norwalk, Connecticut
Liaison: James Buckley
Ventilation with outdoor air to dilute indoor contaminants has been recognized as an important component of maintaining good indoor air quality. ASHRAE Standard 62 "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality" prescribes specific minimum outdoor air ventilation rates to be incorporated in building design and operation. A variety of different techniques are being used in the field to calculate outdoor air ventilation rates. However, in practice, measurement of outdoor air ventilation rates is often difficult and requires a knowledge of the assumptions made for the given measurement technique. This seminar includes presentations on practical methods for measuring outdoor air ventilation rates.

1. Use of CO2 as an Indirect Measure of Outdoor Air Ventilation
Richard Shaughnessy, Ph.D., Member, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma

2. Direct Airflow and Temperature Measurements for Outdoor Air Ventilation Rates
Gerald J. Kettler, P.E., Member, AIR Engineering and Testing, Dallas, Texas

3. An Evaluation of the Air Fraction Tracer Method for Measuring Outside Air Ventilation Rates
Lisa Rogers, Solomat Neotronics, Tampa, Florida

4. Tracer Gas Techniques for Measuring Outdoor Air Ventilation Rules
Francis (Bud) Offerman III, P.E., Member, Indoor Environmental Engineering, San Francisco, California

Seminar 03
Room: 109
Test Methods for Fenestration Condensation Resistance
Sponsor: 04.05, Fenestration
Chair: Michael Glover, Associate Member, Edgetech IG LTd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Liaison James Norman
Particularly for high humidity buildings in cold-climate locations, glazing condensation can be a significant problem during the winter months. This seminar will review the present North American testing methods for evaluating condensation resistance. These testing methods include the AAMA Condensation Resistance Factor method and CSA A440 Temperature Index method. As part of an initiative to develop a comprehensive window energy-rating system in the United States, the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) has recently developed a new standard laboratory test procedure for evaluating condensation resistance. There will also be an update on the research program coordinated by the TC 4.5.

1. The AAMA Condensation Resistance Evaluation
Marcia Falke, Member, Architectural Testing Inc., York, Pennsylvania

2. The Temperature Index Method for Evaluating Condensation Resistance
Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., P.Eng., National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

3. The NFRC Measured Condensation Index Method
Michael Glover, Associate Member, Edgetech IG Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

4. Determination of Window Condensation Potential Using Computer Simulation
Steven Carpenter, Member, Enermodal Engineering, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Seminar 04
Room: 113B
What's New In Refrigeration Codes and Standards?
Sponsor: 10.01, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
Chair: M. Kent Anderson, Member, International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration, Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Washington, D.C.
Refrigeration codes and standards affect the design, installation and operation of all major HVAC&R installations. ASHRAE plays a leading role in establishing requirements for these systems through the Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, ASHRAE Standard 15, and by the safety classification of refrigerants in ASHRAE Standard 34. In addition, various building codes impose mandatory requirements on air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Similar requirements exist in Canada and new international standards, based on ASHRAE standards, are being developed within ISO. This seminar will present timely and relevant information on the latest developments in national and international refrigeration codes and standards.

2. What Every Engineer Should Know About Refrigeration Codes
Michael E. Dillon, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Dillon Consulting Engineers, Long Beach, California

3. New Developments in ASHRAE Refrigeration Safety Standards: ASHRAE Standards 15 & 34
Thomas E. Watson, P.E., Member, McQuay International, Staunton, Virginia

4. Refrigeration Requirements in the International Mechanical Code (IMC)
Richard Beck, P.E., Member, Southern Building Code Congress, Intl., Birmingham, Alabama

5. Canadian Codes for Refrigeration
Dan Moscovitch, P.E., Member, Cimco Refrigeration, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Forum 01
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
What Are the Priorities for On-Line HVAC Fault Detection and Diagnosis?
Sponsor: TG04.SBS, Smart Building Systems, 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: Philip Haves, C.Eng., Ph.D., Member, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Researchers have developed a number of different techniques for the on-line detection and diagnosis of faults in HVAC systems. Further development of these techniques would benefit from information regarding which faults occur most frequently and have the severest consequences. The forum will solicit input from building owners and others which will allow the prioritization of the faults to be addressed by on-line fault detection systems. Input will also be sought on how such systems should interface with the building operator.

Forum 02
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
What Value Can ASHRAE Members Receive from Local Chapter Programs?
Sponsor: Chapter Program Committee
Moderator: Terrence E. Martin, P.E., Member, Shive-Hattery Engineers & Architects, Bloomington, Illinois
Liaison: Filza Hassan
This forum seeks to improve feedback between active chapter member s and the Society at large. This forum aims to improve our knowledge of what constitutes a good chapter program, to define what members would like to see offered in chapter programs, and ultimately to provide feedback as to how ASHRAE might best serve its members by working to strengthen its chapters.

Forum 03
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Should ASHRAE Standards 52, 55, 62 & Others with Parameters of Concern in IAQ be Based on Comfort or Health Concerns?
Sponsor: 02.04, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment, 02.01, Physiology and Human Environment
Moderator: Matthew Klein, P.E., Member, Indoor Air Quality Solutions, Bethel, Ohio
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
In the past, ASHRAE standards have been mostly based on comfort problems. In Standard 52, the test dust currently used is based on preventing damage to equipment and soiling of building interior surfaces. In the revised Standard 52, currently in development, the test dust is based on concerns about respirable particles - a health concern. In Standard 55, the original standard was concerned strictly with the thermal comfort of building occupants. The revision of this standard in 1992 included concerns about relative humidity levels that could contribute to mold growth - a health concern. This standard was again revised in 1995 to go back to being strictly concerned with thermal comfort. Standard 62 is based on odor perception. By its very nature of specifying ventilation rates to dilute contaminants, this standard is often mistaken as being a health standard. Other standards might also be facing this controversy. ASHRAE is at a juncture where it needs to determine whether certain standards should be concerned with preventing health or comfort problems, or both. This forum will discuss what ASHRAE should do to resolve this dilemma.

Forum 04
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Sustainability and ASHRAE
Sponsor: 01.10, Energy Resources
Moderator: Paul Zeigler, Associate Member, Nat. Conference of States on Bldg. Codes and Standards., Merdona, Virginia
Liaison: Filza Hassan
What is sustainability? What does it mean to ASHRAE? There is a new interest in sustainability as the demands on our planet's energy resources rapidly increase and concerns about sustaining our natural environment grows. Buildings consume about 1/3 of the energy consumed in industrialized nations and are among the fastest growing energy consumers in developing countries. Should ASHRAE be concerned about sustainability and what action should ASHRAE take?

Sunday
January 26, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 2
Room: 113C
Chair: Robert Suggs

A Fundamental Study of Refrigerant-Line Transients: Part 1 - Description of the Problem and Survey of Relevant Literature (RP-736) (4017)
Jeffrey C. Shelton, Ford Motor Company, Wayne, Michigan, Anthony M. Jacobi, Ph.D., Associate Member, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
Dangerous pressure excursion incidents in industrial refrigeration systems have been caused by condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging; however, some of the mechanisms responsible for initiating these hydraulic transients remain unclear. Simple descriptions of these shock initiating conditions are given and a thorough survey of the related technical literature is provided. The main contribution of this work is a literature database for practitioners and researchers interested in condensation-induced shock and vapor-propelled liquid slugging in refrigeration systems.

A Liquid Over-Feeding Military Air-Conditioner with a Quench Valve (4020)
Viung C. Mei, Ph.D., P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Fang C. Chen, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, presented by Chris Bolton, U.S. Army Fort Belvoir RD&E Center, Alexandria, Virginia
A 3.3-ton rated military air conditioning unit has been studied experimentally for baseline and liquid over-feeding (LOF) operation. The tests before any modification, using the nameplate specified refrigerant charge, showed the measured cooling capacity to be less than 1% off the rated capacity at 95 degree F ambient temperature. The test results, after modification, indicate that LOF operation outperforms the baseline case over a wide ambient temperature range in terms of cooling capacity, power consumption, and system coefficient of performance (COP).

A Two Dimensional CFD Model of a Refrigerated Display Case (4018)
David Stribling, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England, S.A. Tassou, Ph.D., Member, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England, Douglas Marriott, Safeway Stores PLC, Hayes, Middlesex, England
The discomfort caused by the cold air overspill from vertical refrigerated display cases in supermarkets is widely accepted as being a problem to customers. This, together with the adverse effect on case performance caused by heat and moisture transfer across the air curtain suggests that there may be room for improvement in the design and fundamental operation of these display fixtures. This paper presents a two dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a vertical dairy display case which could be used in the design and optimisation of such equipment. The CFD model showed good qualitative agreement with measured values and requires only fine tuning to make it quantitatively accurate.

Enhanced Naphthenic Refrigeration Oils for Household Refrigerator Systems: General Introduction to Heat Transfer, Working Viscosity and Retrofit Issue for Other Refrigeration Applications (4019)
Jose Reyes-Gavilan, Associate Member, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, G. Thomas Flak, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, Todd R. Tritcak, WITCO Corporation, Oakland, New Jersey, Crandall B. Barbour, Associate Member, Americold, Cullman, Alabama, presented by Michael T. Costello, Ph.D., WITCO Corportation, Oakland, New Jersey
Due to the industry concerns about the succesful employment of HFC immiscible hydrocarbon oils in refrigeration systems, enhanced naphthentic refrigeration oils have been developed. These products have been designed to be more dispersible with HFC refrigerants, such as R-134a, in order to facilitate lubricant return to the compressor and to ensure proper energy efficiency to the system. Bench tests and system performance evaluations indicate the feasiblity of these oils for use in household refrigeration applications. Results of these evaluations are compared to those obtained with polyol esters and typical naphthenic mineral oils employed in CFC and HCFC refrigeration application.

Performance of Solar Freon Ejector Refrigeration Machine (4016)
Nehad Al-Khalidy, Ph.D., Technical University of Silesia, Gliwice, Poland
In this work a detail analysis for the ideal, theoretical and experimental performance of a Solar Freon Ejector Refrigerating Machine (SFERM) is presented. A comparison between five refrigerants to select a desirable one for the system is made. The theoretical analysis showed that the refrigerant R-113 is more suitable to use in the system. The influence of the boiler, condenser and evaporator temperatures on system performance is investigated experimentally in a refrigerant ejector refrigeration machine using R-113 as a working refrigerant.

Symposium PH-97-03
Room: 113A
Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps & Refrigeration Part 2: Component Modeling, Testing & Performance Enhancement
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorbtion and Heat Operated Machines
Chair: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Absorption heat pumps are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to CFC-based space-conditioning systems. The papers cover a wide variety of topics such as absorption/compression cycles, metal hydride heat pumps, performance enhancement using salt additives and membranes, and heat pump component modeling and testing. Theoretical and applied aspects are addressed. These topics are addressed in two symposia. This symposia addresses Component Modeling, Testing and Performance Enhancement. The other symposia, scheduled Sunday at 8:00 a.m. addresses Advanced Cycles Simulation.

1. Improving the Performance of Ammonia-Water Absorption Cycles Using Salt-Additives and Membranes
Osama M. Ibrahim, Ph.D., Member, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Stanley Barnett, Ph.D., University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Vinay G. Balamuru, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island

2. A Generalized Component Design Model by Combined Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis in NH3-H2O Absorption Heat Pump Systems
Yong Tae Kang, Ph.D., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Weibo Chen, Student Member, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Richard N. Christensen, Ph.D., Member, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; presented by Weibo Chen

3. GAX Component Simulation and Validation
Shailesh V. Potnis, Ph.D., Member, Energy Concepts, Annapolis, Maryland, Albert Gomezplata, Ph.D., Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, Riyaz A. Papar, Associate Member, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, G. Anand, Ph.D., Member, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland, Donald C. Erickson, Energy Concepts, Annapolis, Maryland

Symposium PH-97-04
Room: 108B
Implementation of Intelligent Building Control Strategies
Sponsor: 04.06, Building Operation Dynamics
Chair: James Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
Liaison Debra Catanese
Advanced building control strategies are often developed and evaluated using simulation and optimization tools. There have been very few studies that have focused on implementation of these strategies and evaluation of their in-situ performance. This symposium will document the development, evaluation, and implementation of several intelligent building control strategies. Both general methods and case study results will be presented.

1. Application of Building Precooling to Reduce Peak Cooling Requirements
Kevin R Keeney, Student Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, James E. Braun, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

2. Parameter Estimation for Multiresponse Nonlinear Chilled Water Plant Models
Barrett Flake, P.E., Member, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, John Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, William Beckman, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

3. A Supervisory Controller for Optimization of Building Central Cooling Systems
Gerald Gibson, P.E., Science Applications International Corporation., San Diego, California

4. Implementation of a New Pattern Recognition Adaptive Controller
John E. Seem, Ph.D., Member, Johnson Controls, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Symposium PH-97-05
Room: 113B
Thermal Bridging Effects In Building Envelopes
Sponsor: 04.09, Building Envelope Systems
Chair: Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Liaison: Ron Howell
This symposium updates developments in evaluation of the thermal bridging effects in building envelopes. Using experimental measurements and/or numerical techniques, the papers provide methods to estimate the real effects of thermal shorts generated by various components of a building structure.

1. An Investigation of Common Thermal Bridges in Walls
Alex McGowan, P.E., Member, Enermodal Engineering Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, Andre O. Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

2. Thermal Breaking Systems for Metal Stud Walls
Jan Kosny, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Jeffrey E. Christian, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Andre O. Desjarlais, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

3. Thermal Bridges in Roofs made of Wood and Light Gauge Steel Profiles
Jan Kosny, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Thomas W. Petrie, Ph.D., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Jeffrey E. Christian, Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

4. Calculation Methods and Insulation Techniques for Steel Stud Walls in Low-Rise Multi-Family Housing
Adrian Tuluca, Member, Steven Winter Associates, Norwalk, Connecticut, Devashish Lahiri, Associate Member, Steven Winter Associates Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut, Jawad Zaidi, Ph.D., P.E., Member

5. Evaluation of the Thermal Bridging Effects on the Thermal Performance of Slab-on-Grade Floor
Adnam Abdullah Al-Anzi, Student Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

6. An Analysis of Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer in Buildings Considering the Influence of Radiation Heat Transfer
Mamoru Matsumoto, Ph.D., Kobe University, Kobe, Japan, Shuichi Hokoi, Ph.D., Member, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, En Ka, Urawa Saitama, Japan

Seminar 05
Room: 111
ASHRAE Student Financial Aid Programs: Investing in the Future
Sponsor: Student Activities Committee, Accreditation Activities Committee
Chair: Harmohindar Singh, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina
Liaison: Sally McInery
ASHRAE provides various kinds of financial aid to students. The objective of this seminar is to share the information on selection criteria of financial aid available to students. This seminar will solicit suggestions from the attendees to improve upon the selection criteria for grant-in-aids and/or scholarships.

1. Undergraduate Student Project Competition and the Senior Project Grant Program
Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas

2. Student Assistants on ASHRAE Research Projects
Harry J. Sauer, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Missouri - Rolla, Rolla, Missouri

3. The ASHRAE Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid Program
Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

4. Graduate Student Grant-in-Aid Program
John W. Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

5. ASHRAE Scholarship Programs
Joseph Olivieri, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Tech University, Clinton Township, Michigan

Seminar 06
Room: 109
Fire and Smoke Hazards Analysis - Effect on HVAC
Sponsor: 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: William Webb, P.E., Member, Performance Technology Consulting, Ltd., Lake Bluff, Illinois
Liaison: Larry Degelman
As computer hardware has become more powerful and faster, sophisticated fire and smoke hazards analysis software has been developed. As a result, a new tool is available to evaluate the effect HVAC can have on mitigating fire and smoke hazards. The seminar will describe various software programs including Hazard I and CONTAM and will present case studies of how techniques have been applied.

1. Fire Risk or Fire Hazard as the Basis for Building Fire Safety Performance Evaluation
Richard W. Bukowski, P.E., NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland

2. Using Hazard Analysis in Performance-Based Codes
John R. Hall, Jr., Ph.D., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA

3. Critiquing CONTAM Computer Program
Harold E. "Bud" Nelson, P.E., Hughes Associates, Baltimore, Maryland

4. The Prediction of Fire Hazards Associated with Chemical Warehouses
Stewart D. Miles, FCIBSE Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, Herts, United Kingdom

Seminar 07
Room: Lecture Hall
Internet and HVAC -- Integrity, Ethics, Security
Sponsor: 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: David J. Branson, P.E., Member, Compliance Services Group, Inc., Lubbock, Texas
Liaison: James Buckley
The Internet medium has attained a status as "common place" in the global business environment, and has also realized success in numerous facets of the HVAC Industry. The continued expansion of its usage by ASHRAE members prompts the examination of several related issues. The primary goal of this seminar is to focus on three issues with respect to Internet usage and the HVAC industry: integrity, ethics and security.

1. Internet Integrity and Use in the Professional Office - A Case History
James E. Madget, P.E., Member, 3D/International, Houston, Texas

2. Internet Ethics
Walter T. Grondzik, P.E., Member, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida

3. Secure Correspondence on the Net
Fariborz S. Mahjouri, Ph.D., Thermomax USA, Columbia, Maryland

4. Appropriate Use of the Internet at Work - An Informal Survey
Richard T. Linton, Associate Member, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Forum 05
10:15 a.m. - 12:05 a.m.
Room: 107B
Building Pressurization - Positive or Negative
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: Carl Lawson, Member, Wren Janus Engineering Inc., Chantilly, Virginia
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
With the new system technology of today, along with the new standards and codes, building pressurization takes on a different value. When do we require positive or negative pressures? Is it only in high tech or medical or does it apply to offices and schools? This forum will address the positive and negative aspects of building pressure and when it is required.

Forum 06
10:15 a.m.-11:05 a.m.
Room: 105B
How Should ASHRAE Be Involved with the Model Codes? - Chapter 2
Sponsor: Code Interaction Subcommittee of the Technology Council
Moderator: Jack B. Buckley, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Consultant, Houston, Texas
Liaison Larry Markel
This forum is a continuation of a forum held in San Antonio. With the recent revision to the ASHRAE policy on Society involvement in codes, it is extremely critical that the scope and the content of the involvement be voiced by the members. The subject of "code" involvement is very important to the ASHRAE membership. The Code Interaction Subcommittee wants input from all ASHRAE members (engineers, contractors, suppliers, manufacturers, researchers, professors, code officials, etc.)

Forum 07
11:15 a.m.-12:05 p.m.
Room: 107B
What Impact Will the Replacement of PM10 by PM2.5 Have on Industrial Process Air Cleaning Equipment Users, Specifiers & Manufacturers?
Sponsor: 05.04, Industrial Process Air Cleaning
Moderator: A. Lee Twombly, Member, DCE, Inc., Jeffersontown, Kentucky
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
What are the Implications of PM2.5 for people who have to implement it? How can T.C. 5.4 assist ASHRAE members in addressing needs assessments, specifications, equipment selection and other issues related to the application of Air Pollution Control Equipment required to meet the tenets of PM2.5?

Sunday
January 26, 1997
12:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.

All 12:30 p.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Symposium PH-97-06
Room: 111
Advances in Refrigerator Technology
Sponsor: 07.01, Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers
Chair: Edward Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Liaison:Ron Howell
This symposium presents information on recent advances in refrigerator-freezer technology. The information is especially relevant due to the rapid changes that are taking place in domestic refrigeration.

1. An Experimental Analysis of Cycling Losses in Domestic Refrigerator-Freezers
William H. Coulter, Member, DuPont Co., Belle, West Virginia, Clark W. Bullard, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2. Potential for Using Enhanced Aluminum Extrusions for Refrigerator Heat Exchangers
Kurt S. Goslovich, Caterpillar Inc., Joliet, Illinois, Clark Bullard, Ph.D., Member, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

3. Investigations of the EPA Refrigerator Analysis Software: Compressor Map and Ambient Temperature Effects
Imam Haider, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Mahesh K. Lavannis, Student Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Symposium PH-97-07
Room: 113A
HVAC System Fault Detection and Diagnosis
Sponsor: TG 04, Smart Building Systems
Chair: George E. Kelly, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Liaison: Sally McInerny
As building systems become more complex, there is a need for smarter Energy Management and Control Systems (EMCS) to improve building operations and reduce the work load on building operators. EMCS that incorporate fault detection and diagnosis are likely to become available within a few years. This symposium deals with recently completed research on the application of different methods of fault detection and diagnosis to a variety of building HVAC systems.

1. Fault Diagnosis and Temperature Sensor Recovery for an Air-Handling Unit
Won Yong Lee, Ph.D., Korea Institute of Energy Research, Taejon, Korea, John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, Dong Ryul Shin, Ph.D., Korea Institute of Energy Research, John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland

2. A Neural Network Prototype for Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Heating Systems
Xiaoming Li, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne La Vallee, France, Jean-Christophe Visier, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne-La-Vallee, France, Hossein Vaezi-Nejad, Ph.D., CSTB, Marne-La-Vallee, France

3. Application of Classification Functions to Chiller Fault Detection and Diagnosis
Meli Stylianou, P.E., Member, EDRL-CANMET, Varennes, Quebec, Canada, presented by John Scott, Member, EDRL-CANMET, Varennes, Quebec, Canada

4. ARX Models and Real-Time Model-Based Diagnosis
Henk C. Peitsman, TNO Building & Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands, Luc L. Soethout, Ph.D., TNO Building & Construction Research, Delft, The Netherlands

5. A Statistical, Rule-Based Fault Detection and Diagnostics Method for Vapor Compression Air Conditioners
Todd Rossi, Ph.D., Member, Field Diagnostic Services Inc., Ivyland, Pennsylvania, James E. Braun, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Symposium PH-97-08
Room: 108B
Residential Ventilation and Energy Characteristics
Sponsor: 04.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The purpose of this symposium is to present data on the performance of residential ventilation systems. The papers will cover both measurement and analysis of single family and multi-family systems from both an energy and indoor air quality perspective. Papers include results of systems comparisons, including economic considerations.

1. Comparative Ventilation System Evaluations
John K. Holton, P.E., Member, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania, Michael Koleagleo, P.E., Member, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania, Timothy Beggs, EIT, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Assoc., Butler, Pennsylvania

2. Mechanical Ventilation in HUD-Code Manufactured Housing in the Pacific Northwest
Michael Lubliner, Associate Member, Washington State Energy Office, Olympic, Washington, Don Stevens, Stevens and Associates, Keport, Washington, Bob Davis, Ecotope Inc.

3. Residential Ventilation in the UK: An Overview
Michael Woolliscroft, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom

4. Evaluation of Five Simple Ventilation Strategies Suitable for Houses Without Forced-Air Heating
James T. Reardon, Ph.D., Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Chia-yu Shaw, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

5. Residential Ventilation and Energy Characteristics
Max Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, Nance Matson, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California

Seminar 08
12:30 p.m. - 1:20 p.m.
Room: Speaker's Lounge, 108A
First Time at a Society Meeting? This Session Is for You
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Liason: James Vallort
Chair: James Vallort, Member, Northern Illinois Gas, Naperville, Illinois
This seminar will introduce new meeting attendees to the events of a Winter Society meeting - how to get involved in a technical committee, what is the difference between a symposium and a seminar, and how to become part of the meeting program. The role of ASHRAE staff in a meeting, and the events that surround the AHR Exposition will be explained. And if you're not having fun yet, the technical tours, guest and "special" events (how to have fun at ASHRAE) will be discussed.

1. Technical Committees, Technical Program and Committee Meetings at a Society Meeting
Marvin Thedford, P.E., Member, TU Electric, Dallas, Texas

2. ASHRAE Staff and Their Role in a Society Meeting
Jim Norman, Member, AAA Enterprises, Atlanta, Georgia

3. The Exposition, Technical Tours and the Fun Side of a Society Meeting
James Vallort, Member, Northern Illinois Gas, Naperville, Illinois

Seminar 09
Room: 109
Design Team Communication
Sponsor: 02.06, Sound and Vibration Control
Chair: Charles G. Arnold, P.E., Member, Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
This seminar explores design team approaches to communication. Does good design team communication improve the process for delivery of quality and cost effective projects that meet or exceed the client's expectations? An architect, engineer, acoustical consultant, contractor and owner representative will share their real world insight to successful team communications.

1. Approaches to Design Team Communication for the Design, Construction Documents, Construction, and Post-Construction Phases
James P. Ulrich, Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc., Omaha, Nebraska

2. Models of Project Management
Paul A. Hottenstein, P.E., Capital Planning & Program Management, Wyomissing, Pennsylvania

3. Owner's Response to the Question "Do You Want It Right or Do You Want It Now?" Is "We want It Right Now"
Edward Carter, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

4. Design Team Communication for HVAC System Noise Control
Mark E. Schaffer, P.E., Member, McKay Conant Brook, Westlake Village, California

5. Does Communication Need to Become as Structured a Process as Scheduling?
David Salisbury, Barton Malow Company, Southfield, Michigan

Seminar 10
Room: 113B
HVAC Functional Test Criteria
Sponsor: 09.09, Building Commissioning
Chair: Wayne Dunn, P.E., Member, Sun Belt Engineering, Jacksonville, Florida
Liaison: Chad Dorgan
Functional testing is the most important test relating to the HVAC system in the facility. Functional testing is the process in commissioning that determines if the systems meet the design criteria and the operation of the systems are feasible and workable. Functional testing also allows the commissioning authority to determine the complete functionality of the systems and will guarantee that the systems have been installed and are operating as designed. This seminar will address the functional testing of the air distribution, hydronic systems and thermal storage systems.

1. Thermal Energy Storage Functional Test Criteria
Chad Dorgan, P.E., Member, Dorgan & Associates, Madison, Wisconsin

2. Air Side Testing in the Real World
Gerald Kettler, P.E., Member, Air Engineering & Testing Inc., Dallas, Texas

3. Functional Test Criteria of Hydronic Systems
Carl N. Lawson, Member, Wren Janus Engineering, Chantilly, Virginia

Seminar 11
Room: 113C
Laboratory Air Flow and Pressurization
Sponsor: 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Jim Coogan, Associate Member, Landis and Staefa, Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Filza Hassen
In a laboratory facility, the ventilation system is recognized as a safety system. The system is designed, implemented and operated from the view point of safety. This seminar explores in detail the relationship between room pressurization and safety including: a discussion of hazards and containment, accuracy requirements for air flow control, and a discussion of an uncommon pressurization control method.

1. The Negative Pressurization of Laboratories for Chemical and Biological Safety
Jonathan Crane, Associate Member, HOK Architects, Atlanta, Georgia

2. Specifying Air Flow Accuracies for Room Pressurization
James Coogan, Associate Member, Landis and Staefa, Buffalo Grove, Illinois

3. Alternative Methods of Laboratory Room Pressure Control
Todd R. Hardwick, Associate Member, TSI Incorporated, St. Paul, Minnesota

4. Laboratory Air Flows: Dealing with Comfort, Safety, and Performance
J. Patrick Carpenter, Member, TKLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Seminar 12
Room: Lecture Hall
Practical Considerations of Compliance and Enforcement of the Clean Air Act Regulations for Centrifugal Chiller Installations
Sponsor: 08.02, Centrifugal Machines
Chair: Richard Danks, P.E., Member, NASA - Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
Liaison: Filza Hassan
Since the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1990, the subsequent regulations have profoundly impacted centrifugal chiller operation and maintenance. This is especially true regarding the refrigerant management aspects of O&M. The regulations demand that chiller owners and service technicians pay attention to good operating and maintenance practices in order to protect our environment and to remain in compliance with the law. This seminar will address practical experience and knowledge gained from working with the regulations from the enforcement perspective by learning how to avoid problems, the ownership perspective by understanding what investments, policies and procedures are required for compliance, and the service provider's perspective by learning what is good practice to stay in compliance.

1. Title VI Enforcement - How to Survive an EPA Inspection
James Kenney, U.S. EPA - Region III, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

2. Refrigerant Management: Facility Owner's Viewpoint
Peter W. McCallum, NASA - Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

3. Compliance with Clean Air Act in Performing Service on Chillers
Fred E. Ziffer, York International, York, Pennsylvania

Forum 08
12:30 p.m.-1:20 p.m.
Room: 105B
IAQ Needs: Health and Dental Facilities
Sponsor: 02.03, Gaseous Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Moderator: Douglas Van Osdell, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Liaison: James Buckley
The indoor air quality of health and dental facilities is known to be of special concern because of both the special needs of the occupants and the potentially offensive and/or hazardous nature of contaminants generated in the space. These facilities are placed in a wide variety of special and general use structures, and the provisions for ventilation are diverse. This forum will concentrate on the use and limitations of gaseous and particulate contaminant control strategies, including filters, to improve IAQ in health and dental facilities, and will identify research and application development needs.

Forum 09
12:30 p.m.-1:20 p.m.
Room: 107B
Pitfalls of Absorption Cycle Prototyping
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Moderator: Donald Erickson, Energy Concepts Co., Annapolis, Maryland
Liaison: Larry Markel
Every R&D effort achieves at least some of its advances by falling into costly and/or embarrassing pitfalls. This forum is an opportunity to learn about and hopefully avoid some of those mistakes. Come share your experiences and help make the R&D in this technology more cost effective.

Forum 10
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 108A
Finding New Ways to Involve Students in ASHRAE's Semi-Annual Meetings
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Moderator: Larry Degelman, P.E., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
Liaison: Larry Degelman
This forum will solicit new ideas on way to increase student participation at the Society's semi-annual meetings. Topics for discussion will include: paper abstract publication, poster session presentations, paper competitions, travel support by local ASHRAE chapters, student research project reports, and student "best-paper" awards. Faculty and students are especially encouraged to contribute their ideas.

Forum 11
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 107B
If A Wallet-sized Absorption Heat Pump Can Be Built, Does Anybody Care?
Sponsor: 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Moderator: Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Liaison: Larry Markel
Miniaturized heat pumps are being developed for applications such as man-portable cooling. This forum will address current status of this technology and find out how these devices can be used in the HVAC and refrigeration industry. Design considerations and operating constraints for the prospective applications will be discussed.

Forum 12
1:30 p.m.-2:20 p.m.
Room: 105B
What Instrumentation is Necessary for Determining Actual KW/Ton of a Chilled Water Plant
Sponsor: 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: James Rishel, P.E., Life Member, ASHRAE, Systecon, Inc., West Chester, Ohio
Liaison: James Buckley
The development of high efficiency chillers and the greater percentage of use of energy by accessories such as cooling towers and condenser pumps has necessitated the development of overall KW/Ton for such plants. KW/Ton readings, to be effective, require certain instrumentation and quality of instrumentation. This forum should reveal information as to the opinions or beliefs about the equipment required to achieve reliable and effective KW/Ton data.

Sunday
January 26, 1997
4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Seminar 13
Room: 105B
Leaving A Legacy At ASHRAE (Gift Planning Ideas that Reduce Taxes and Increase Income)
Sponsor: Life Members Club
Chair: Robert S. Peach, ASHRAE Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia
Liaison: Sally McInerny
This seminar, sponsored by the ASHRAE Foundation, provides an overview on how the ASHRAE Foundation supports the Society's Vision Statement and how Members can be a part of ASHRAE's future through endowed contributions. ASHRAE Foundation Manager Bob Peach will discuss how estate and retirement planning techniques reduce taxes (estate and income) and enhance retirement income.

1. Supporting ASHRAE's Mission and Controlling Your Personal Social Capital
Robert S. Peach, ASHRAE Foundation Manager, Atlanta, Georgia

Monday
January 27, 1997
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

All 8:00 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 3
Room: 113C
Chair: Ron Howell

A deterministic numerical model, based on a quasi-steady state approach, is developed for an internal melt ice-on-coil thermal storage tank with a built-in spiral coil tubing heat exchanger having a counterflow configuration and quiescent water around the coils. This model is able to simulate both charging and discharging modes. The developed model accounts for the cool down of the water earlier during the charging period and the warm up of the water later during the discharging period. The model determines the heat transfer rates, the inventory of the ice and other output parameters such as temperatures and ice/water radius. This model can be used by manufacturers and engineers for design and simulation purposes.

Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model for an Internal Melt Ice-On- Coil Thermal Storage Tank (4022)
J. H. M. Neto, Ph.D., Member, Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica de Minas Ge, Belo Horizonte, Minas Ge, Brazil, M. Krarti, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
An internal melt ice-on-coil thermal-storage tank is instrumented and tested over different inlet conditions of brine temperature and flowrate in a real scale HVAC laboratory. A total of five charging/discharging cycles tests are performed. The measured data for one typical charging/discharging cycle is used to validate a numerical model developed for analyzing internal melt ice-on-coil ice storage tanks.

Parametric Study of a Silica Gel-Water Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle - The Influence of Thermal Capacitance and Heat Transfer Rates on Cooling Capacity (4023)
Elisa C. Boelman, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo 184, Japan, Bidyut Baran Saha, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo 184, Japan, Takao Kashiwagi, Tokyo University of A&T, Tokyo, Japan
The influence of heat exchanger U*A values (adsorber/desorber, evaporator and condenser) is investigated for a adsorption chiller, with consideration to the thermal capacitance of the adsorber/desorber by means of a lumped parameter cycle stimulation model developed by the authors and co-workers for the single stage silica gel-water adsorption chiller. The closed-cycle type chiller, for use in air-conditioning, is driven by low-grade waste heat (85 degrees C - 185 degrees F) and cooled by water at 31 degrees C - 88 degrees F, and operates on relatively short cycle times (420 s adsorption/desorption; 30 s adsorber/desorber sensible cooling and heating).

The Effect of Noncondensible Gas on the Condensation of R-123 on Enhanced Tube Geometries (4024)
L. E. Rewerts, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, Joseph B. Huber, Ph.D., Member, API Ketema Heat Transfer Technology, Grand Prairie, Texas, Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Data showing the effect of several concentrations of noncondensible gas on the condensation of R-123 are presented for bundles of four enhanced tube geometries: a 1024-fpm (26-fpi) tube, a low-fin 1475-fpm (40-fpi) tube and two enhanced tubes, designated the Tu-Cii and the G-SC. The Tu-Cii generally performed the best at noncondensible gas concentrations up to 5.0%, followed by the 40-fpi, G-SC and 26-fpi geometries.

Experimental Investigation of an Advanced Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (4025) (PAPER WITHDRAWN)
B. Saha, Member, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan, Takao Kashiwagi, Ph.D., Member, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
Experimental measurements are made for a silica-gel-water advanced adsorption refrigeration chiller (1.2 kW {4 095 Btu/h} cooling capacity) to evaluate its performance under different temperature and adsorption/desorption cycle time conditions. This paper describes the operating principle of the chiller, outlines the experimental hardware, and discusses results obtained by varying the cooling and hot water inlet temperatures and adsorption/desorption cycle times, as well as their agreements with the simulated results given by a lumped parameter model.

Symposium PH-97-09
Room: 108B
Practical Considerations In the Use of Refrigerant Mixtures
Sponsor: 03.01, Refrigerants and Brines
Chair: (Sonny) Ganesan Sundaresan, P.E., Member, Copeland Corporation, Sidney, Ohio
Liaison: Lee Burgett
HFC refrigerants are being evaluated and used to replace ozone depleting CFC/HCFC refrigerants, but many HFC candidates are R400 series (non azeotropic) mixtures and may fractionate under some conditions in some system configurations. This issue affects refrigerants handling, application and system design. This symposium addresses the experiences to date in dealing with these mixtures.

1. Concentration Shift When Using Refrigerant Mixtures
Horst Kruse, Ph.D., Member, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany, Florian Wieschollek, Dipl. Ing., IKU, Berlin, Germany

2. Production Scale Handling of Zeotropic Blends
James David Morrison, Ph.D., ICI (UK) Runcorn Technology Center, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom, Stuart Corr, ICI Chemicals and Polymers, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom, Bruce E. ilbert, ICI Klea Applications Laboratory, New Castle, Delaware

3. Experience with Refrigerant Mixtures
Yunho Hwang, Student Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, John Judge, Student Member, York International Co., York, Pennsylvania, Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

4. Performance of R32/R125/R134a Mixtures in Systems with Accumulators or Flooded Evaporators
Donald B. Bivens, Ph.D., Member, Dupont Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Delaware, Donna M. Patron, E. I. Dupont Co., Wilmington, Delaware, A. Michi Yokozeki, Ph.D., E. I. Dupont Company, Wilmington, Delaware

5. Modeling and Testing Fractionation Effects in the Refrigerant Blends in an Actual Residential Heat Pump System
Frank Biancardi, Ph.D., Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, Dennis Pandy, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, Tobias H. Sienel, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, H. Harvey Michels, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut

Seminar 14
Room: 109
An Update on the Industry Alliance for Interoperability
Sponsor: 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: James Forester, P.E., Associate Member, Marinsoft, Mill Valley, California
Liaison: James Buckley
This seminar will provide information on issues that affect the HVAC community surrounding the ongoing efforts of the Industry Alliance for Interoperability (IAI). The IAI is an industry initiative that is defining software specifications for processes in the AEC lifecycle. Topics of discussion include the design process impact of electronic product information; how codes and standards are addressed in this initiative; how the IAI will impact members of both large and small mechanical, electrical and plumbing design firms; and an update on the IAI and building service related efforts.

1. The Design Process Impact of Electronic Product Information
Lawrence R. Schaefer, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York

2. IFC for the Small Firm
David L. Nack, P.E., Associate Member, Nack Engineering, San Clemente, California

3. IFC for the Large MEP Firm
Scott G. Frank, P.E., Associate Member, Jaros Baum & Bolles, New York, New York

4. The Application of IFCs for Codes and Standards Compliance
David Chassin, Battelle/Pacific NW National Lab, Richland, Washington

Seminar 15
Room: 113B
Cryogenics
Sponsor: 10.04, Ultra-Low Temperature Systems and Cryogenics
Chair: Arthur Garbarino, Life Member, ASHRAE, Air Service Inc., West Palm Beach, Florida
Liaison: Robert Suggs
This seminar will explore the overall aspects of cryogenics regarding pulse tubes, heat transfer at ultra low temperatures and the biological applications.

1. Heat Transfer in Cryogenic Systems
Randall Barron, Ph.D., Member, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana

2. Cryocooler Developments
Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ph.D., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

3. Pulse Tubes
Ray Radebaugh, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado

Seminar 16
Room: 111
Energy Performance Indicators for Commercial Buildings
Sponsor: 09.06, Systems Energy Utilization
Chair: Richard Mazzucchi, Member, SBW Consulting Inc., Bellevue, Washington
Liaison: Larry Markel
This seminar describes three ongoing efforts to improve energy use efficiency in commercial buildings by developing information on comparative energy performance. The results of this seminar can help energy managers and consultants focus and evaluate their efforts to improve energy management practices for commercial buildings.

1. Comparison of Building Energy Benchmark Data from Members of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
William R. Mixon, Member, Tech Support Services, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

2. Energy Benchmarking in Commercial Buildings
Terry R. Sharp, P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

3. Resource Management Assessment and Quality Assurance Services for Commercial Buildings
Richard P. Mazzucchi, Member, SBW Consulting Inc., Bellevue, Washington

Seminar 17
Room: 113A
Gas-Phase Air Filtration and the Application of Standard 62R
Sponsor: 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Containment Removal Equipment
Chair: Chris Muller, Member, Purafil, Inc., Doraville, Georgia
Liaison: Filza Hassan
This seminar will offer a brief overview of gas-phase air filtration and typical applications, examine how gas-phase air filtration has been used under the Indoor Air Quality Procedure of Standard 62-1989, what changes can be expected in 62-1989R, and how gas-phase air filtration may be used under the proposed Standard.

1. Gas-Phase Air Filtration: Principles and Applications
Paula V. Levasseur, Member, Cameron/Great Lakes, St. Charles, Illinois

2. The Use of Gas-Phase Air Filtration and Standard 62-1989
Brian P. Monk, P.E. Member, Circul-Aire, Montreal, Quebec

3. Standard 62-1989 Versus 62R with Respect to Gas-Phase Air Filtration
Mark Huza, Member, Flanders Filter, Inc., Washington, North Carolina

4. The Use of Gas-Phase Air Filtration and Standard 62-R: A Lesson in Application Technology
H.E. Barney Burroughs, Presidential Member, IAQ/Building Wellness Consultancy, Alpharetta, Georgia

Seminar 18
Room: Lecture Hall
Global Climate Change
Sponsor: TG2.Global Climate Control
Chair: William Walter, Member, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York
Liaison: Debra Catanese
This seminar updates global climate change, both the science and industry response. Two speakers are involved in research on climate change, one with climate modeling/prediction and one with impacts of climate change. Two other speakers are from industry and will discuss the response from and potential impacts on the HVAC industry.

1. Recent Perspectives on Human-Induced Climate Warming
Jerry D. Mahlman, Ph.D., Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

2. Impacts of Climate Change
Richard H. Moss, Ph.D., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Washington D.C.

3. What Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) Means to HVAC
F. A. (Tony) Vogelsberg, DuPont Chemicals, Wilimington, Delaware

4. Climate Change Regulation - Potential Impacts on the Refrigeration Industry
Nick Campbell, Ph.D., ICI Klea, Runcorn Cheshire, England

Forum 13
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Is the ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 All Wet on Balancing Hydronic Systems for Variable Flow Pumping? Part I
Sponsor: 06.01, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems; 08.10, Pumps and Hydronic Piping
Moderator: Kenneth Luther, Member, ITT Fluid Handling, Morton Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The first part of this two part forum focuses on Section 6.3.5 Hydronic System Design and Control - 6.3.5.1 Hydronic Variable Flow Systems. This paragraph dictates that an individual pump which exceeds 100 ft. head and 50 hp shall include motor controls that vary the motor speed. Is this a reasonable criteria? 6.3.5.2 Pump Isolation - This paragraph dictates, when a chilled water plant includes more than one chiller, no less than a corresponding number of chilled and condensing water pumps shall be provided. Should the ASHRAE standard direct the designer to a specific source or pump design configuration? 6.3.5.3 Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls - This paragraph dictates, chilled and hot water systems with a design capacity exceeding 300,000 btu/hr, shall include controls that automatically reset supply water temperatures. Should variable volume chilled water systems utilize reset controls?

Forum 14
8:00 a.m.-8:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Life Extension/Decommissioning Guidelines for HVAC Systems in Nuclear Facilities
Sponsor: 09.02, Industrial Air Cleaning
Moderator: Douglass Abramson, Member,U.S. Dept. of Energy, Germantown, Maryland
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
This forum will address the requirements and information desired from a guideline on the life extension and/or decommissioning of an HVAC system in a nuclear facility. Life extension of existing facilities required to operate for 10-15 years past the design life of original systems has become a most common situation for engineers responsible for the maintenance of nuclear facilities. Numerous questions faced by the HVAC engineers responsible for operating these facilities must be answered not only from a budget or cost perspective but from the safety of the workers and the public (human and environmental).

Forum 15
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 105B
Is The ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 All Wet on Balancing Hydronic Systems for Variable Flow Pumping? Part II
Sponsor: 06.01, Hydronic and Steam Equipment; 08.10, Pumps and Hyrdonic Piping
Moderator: Roy Ahlgren, Associate Member, ITT Fluid Handling, Morton Grove, Illinois
Liaison: Charles McDowell
The second part of this two part forum focuses on Section 6.2.6.3 Hydronic System Balancing - This paragraph deals with system balancing, stating that variable flow systems need not be balanced upstream of the controlling device. Judging from the number of debates at San Antonio, this topic is far from being resolved. 6.2.6.3.3 requires impeller trimming, but allows an exception for pump motors of 10 hp or less and another exception for throttling up to 3 hp. Are these exceptions too high?

Forum 16
9:00 a.m.-9:50 a.m.
Room: 107B
Successful Building Performance - Bridging from Design to Operation - Do We Need ASHRAFOE ?
Sponsor: 01.07, Operation and Maintenance; 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: A. L. Utesch, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Cybernetic Systems Management Corporation, Argyle, Texas
Liaison: Marvin Thedford
In the forum's title, the acronym ASHRAFOE is intended to represent an organization entitled The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Facility Operating Engineers. Although our assumed common goal in ASHRAE is successful facility performance, a common viewpoint is that most buildings fall short of optimum design objectives in either comfort, IAQ, energy usage, operation and maintenance costs, and or equipment longevity. There has been some debate as to ASHRAE's inclusion, training and certification of facilities operating engineers as vital and equal engineering partners in achieving this success. Is ASHRAE now ready to open its doors and address these "bottom line" problems and potential solutions? This forum features a panel of experienced operation and management personnel proposing a diverse range of solutions.

Monday
January 27, 1997
10:15 a.m.-12:15 p.m.

All 10:15 a.m. SESSIONS ARE CONCURRENT
All technical sessions are scheduled in the Pennsylvania Convention Center

Technical Session 4
Room: 113C
Chair: James Buckley

Numerical Simulation of Solar Heat Absorption Within Indoor Space by Means of Composite Grid Method (4026)
Toshiaki Omori, Dr. Eng., Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan, Shuzo Murakami, Dr. Eng., Member, University of Tokyo, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan, Shinsuke Kato, Dr. Eng., Member, University of Tokyo, Minatoku-Tokyo, Japan
This paper describes the numerical simulation method of solar radiation entering indoor spaces through fenestration. The proposed method can systematically deal with the interception of sunlight by buildings existing in the outdoor space and obstacles placed in the indoor space by tracing a large number of particles directed toward the sun.

Flow Modeling of Flat Oval Ductwork Elbows Using Computational Fluid Dynamics-(RP-854) (4027)
T. A. Mahank, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, Stanley .A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Incompressible turbulent flow fields in HVAC elbows were computed using an incompressible, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver implementing a k - e turbulence mode. Two different geometries were investigated. These geometries include 90 degree 5 gore hard-bend and easy-bend flat oval elbows. The geometries represent a subset of many configurations analyzed in ASHRAE RP-854, Determination of Duct Fitting Resistance by Numerical Analysis.

Computational Fluid Dynamics for HVAC: Successful and Failed Stories (4028)
Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
The computational fluid dynamics technique has been used for different flow and heat transfer problems in the HVAC industry in the last two decades. Considerable successes have been achieved while there are still some uncertainties. This paper show that some uncertainties are the results of many approximations used in turbulence