Copies of poster, technical and symposium papers may be purchased through ASHRAE's Online Bookstore.

Technical Session 1
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, P.E. TU Electric
Analysis of Transfer Pumping Interfaces for Stratified Chilled Water Thermal Storage Systems, Part 1: Model Development (4222)
William Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Penn State, University Park, PA; Christopher Kirchner, P.E., Associate Member, SHG Incorporated, Detroit, MI

This paper describes methods for modeling the performance of transfer pumping interfaces used to connect open chilled water thermal energy storage tanks to closed chilled water systems. Indirect (heat exchanger) interfaces, and direct interfaces are considered. Treatment of direct interfaces includes the use of energy recovery with centrifugal pumps serving as hydraulic turbines. Characteristics of interfaces with variable speed pumping and a novel reversible direct interface with energy recovery are described quantitatively for the first time. The models presented are of practical value in the design of pumping interfaces for all types of open systems.

Analysis of Transfer Pumping Interfaces for Stratified Chilled Water Thermal Storage Systems, Part 2: Parametric Study (4223)
William Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Penn State, University Park, PA; Christopher Kirchner, P.E., Associate Member, SHG Incorporated, Detroit, MI

Transfer pumping interfaces are an important component of chilled water storage systems and other open hydronic systems. The present paper describes a parametric study of seven interface types applied to a representative chilled water storage application. Interface types considered include indirect (heat exchanger) interfaces, direct interfaces and direct interfaces with energy recovery operated at variable or constant speed, and reversible variable speed direct interfaces. Annual simulations of an hourly time step were performed with component models described in part 1 of this paper.

Evaluation of Performance and Composition Shift of Zeotropic Mixtures in a Lorenz-Meutzner Refrigerator/Freezer (4224)
Francis R. Delafield, BA, ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Research Triangle Park, NC; Evelyn Baskin, Ph.D., Member, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Results from previous testing of this refrigerator/freezer (R/F) using a 750 Btu/hr compressor and several zeotropic mixtures revealed a performance enhancement up to 16 percent above that of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a. In the study presented in this paper, and two intercoolers was experimentally tested in an environmental chamber according to Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers/Department of Energy (AHAM/DOE) testing standards using several hydrofluoropropane-based zeotropic mixtures. The results are compared to baseline testing with HFC-134a and results obtained using the 750 Btu/hr compressor. This work investigates capillary tube length, compressor size and refrigerants charge.

Steam Conservation and Boiler Plant Efficiency Advancements (4225)
Donal Fiorino, P.E., Member, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX

This paper examines several cost-effective steam conservation and boiler plant efficiency advancements that were implemented during a steam boiler plant replacement project at a very large semiconductor manufacturing complex. These advancements should prove of interest to industrial energy users faced with replacement of aging, inefficient boilers; rising fuel and electricity prices; and increasing pressures to reduce operating costs in order to enhance competitiveness.

Theoretical Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Cycle (HVAC&R Research Journal - July 1998) (4226)
Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member and Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, MD

Concerns of ozone depletion and global warming call for investigation of natural refrigerants. In this study the performance potential of the carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle is investigated theoretically. For this purpose, two cycle simulation models were developed. One is an Evans-Perkins cycle model for R-22, and the other is a transcritical cycle model for CO. By using these models, the CO₂ refrigeration cycle and heat exchangers for the CO₂ refrigeration cycles were optimized. The water chilling and tap water heating performances of CO₂were compared to those of R-22. The thermophysical properties of CO₂ and the proper heat exchanger design appropriate to CO₂ offer the opportunity of reducing heat exchanger size and mass for tap water heating applications.

Symposium CH-99-01
Computer Models for Fire and Smoke Control
Sponsor: TC 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: Bob Dittrich, P.E., Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL
APC Liaison: James Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Computer models have been in use for analyzing and predicting movement of smoke in buildings, as well as other structures inhabited by people. This symposium presents results of computer model simulation-based analysis of smoke movement/control, such as: the results of the fourth year effort for ASHRAE project RP-873, involving effect of smoke and heat movement in complex geometry ceilings, and their effect on detector response; the results of a multi-year study with train station and tunnel fires involving use of modeling and simulation; topics related to performance based codes and usage of computational fluid dynamics models for analysis of smoke movement in buildings; and a methodology for simulation of transport of hot gases and smoke in building using Navier-Stokes equations.

1. CFD Simulation of the Effects of HVAC Induced Flows on Smoke Detector Response
John Klote, D.Sc., P.E., Fellow, John H. Klote, Inc., McLean, VA

2. A CFD Analysis of Station Fire Conditions in the Buenos Aires Metro
Silas Li, Member, and William D. Kennedy, P.E., Member; Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc., New York, NY

3. Predicting the Position of the Smoke Layer Interface Height Using NFPA 92B Calculation Methods and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Fire Model
William N. Brooks, P.E., Member, Eichleay Engineers, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA

4. Large Eddy Simulation of Smoke Movement
Kevin McGrattan, Ph.D., Howard R. Baum, Ph.D. and Ronald G. Rehm National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

Symposium CH-99-02
Thermal Properties and Estimation Techniques of Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Boreholes, Grouts and Fills
Sponsor: TC 06.08, Geothermal Energy Utilization
Chair: Christopher Sharpe, P.E., Member, Duke Energy Company, Charlotte, NC
APC Liaison: Ira Poston, Duke Power Company
Ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) capacity, installation cost, and energy efficiency are significantly impacted by the thermal characteristics of the system's boreholes, grouts, and fills, Material cost, ease of placement, and availability of fills and grouts are also important. This symposium considers these issues from several perspectives. Thermally enhanced grout behavior, actual field performance testing, and a model to evaluate thermal performance in the temperature field around a borehole are addressed. This symposium provides designers and installers with information that will optimize design and provide cost-effective geothermal systems.

1. Borehole Thermal Resistance: Laboratory and Field Studies
Charles P. Remund, Ph.D., Member, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD

2. Testing of Thermally Enhanced Cement Ground Heat Exchanger Grouts
Stephen Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Member, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL; Marita L. Allan, Ph.D., Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY

3. Borehole Grouting: Field Studies and Thermal Performance Testing
Marvin D. Smith, Ph.D., P.E. and Randolf Perry, P.E., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

4. Determining Effective Soil Formation Thermal Properties From Field Data Using a Parameter Estimation Technique
John A. Shonder, Member, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN; James V. Beck, Ph.D., Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI

Seminar 1
Business in the Year 2000? Or 1900?
Sponsor: TC 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: Mick Schwedler, P.E., Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, WI
APC Liaison: Thomas Logan, Swickert's Inc.
Many of us have read, heard about and worked on the year 2000 problem. By January 1999 we will know more about the reality of the Y2K problem. Year-end-10K's will be filed, the banks will have reported on their findings, and the government will have more clearly defined reports on themselves and critical industries. In this seminar speakers give varying perspectives on impact, liability, prevention and disclosure of possible Y2K problems.

1. What's the Big Deal-Can't You Still Hand Letter?
David J. Branson, P.E., Member, Compliance Service Group, Inc., Lubbock, TX

2. Year 2000: Problems, Solutions and Hype
Richard Linton, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

3. New Year 2000 Legal Liabilities and How to Prevent Them
G. Marc Whitehead, McDermott, Will & Emery, Chicago, IL

Seminar 2
Customer Experience with Real-Time-Pricing Electric Rates
Sponsor: TC 04.11, Smart Building Systems
Chair: Michael Kintner-Meyer, Member, Battelle, Richland, WA
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Real-Time Pricing (RTP) rates are dynamic rates which reflect the price volatility of the electric power markets that is passed down to the customer. This seminar sheds some light into the experience of energy managers and residential customers in utilizing market volatility to come out ahead. How well they have operated and what load management strategies and control technology they have employed are discussed.

1. Load Management Opportunities Under Real Time Pricing
Byron Hill, Member, Honeywell Inc, Minneapolis, MN

2. Real-Time Pricing: Experience and Lessons Learned
William F. Kane, Marriott Midwest Region, Rosemont, IL

3. Price Sensitive Space Temperature Control in Residential Applications
David A. Robinson, CEM, TeCeom, Tampa, FL

4. Dynamic Pricing for Residential Customer Experiences from UK Trial Study
Andrew David, South Wales Electricity PLC, St. Mellons, United Kingdom

Seminar 3
Leak Detection Equipment: State of the Art
Sponsor: TC 03.08, Refrigerant Containment
Chair: Frederique Sauer, Member, Dehon Service, Vincennes, France
APC Liaison: Emil Friberg, P.E., Friberg Associates, Inc.
Leak tightness of refrigeration and air conditioning systems is gaining increasing attention due to the need for refrigerant emissions reduction. This seminar provides information on leak detection techniques, leak mechanisms and evaluation of leak detectors and area monitors performances.

1. Electronic Leak Detectors-Sensor Technologies
Jerry G. Wander, Leybold Inficom, E. Syracuse, NY

2. Leak Flow Characteristics and Calculation of "Equivalent Leak Rates"
Daniel J. Miles, Ph. D., Associate Member, Vacuum Technology Inc., Oak Ridge, TN

3. Comparison of Various Refrigerant Leak Detection Technologies
Thomas Sorensen, P.E., Member, Thermal Gas Systems, Inc., Roswell, GA

4. Qualification of Halogenated Refrigerants Leak Detectors and Area Monitors
Denis Clodic, Ph.D., Member, Center for Energy Studies, Paris Cedex 06, France

Seminar 4
Sustainability: Does It Deserve More Than Lip Service?
Sponsor: TC 01.10, Energy Resources
Chair: David L. Grumman, P.E., Fellow, Grumman/Butkus Associates, Evanston, IL
APC Liaison: Ismena Deacon, C.Eng., Ove Arup & Partners
Sustainability-or sustainable development-can be defined as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Are corporations, organizations, planners designers, governmental bodies, etc. taking this concept seriously? Or are they just paying lip service? In this seminar you will hear from those who are serious about sustainability-and what they are doing about it.

1. Sustainable Development: An Approach by a Major Corporation
Ronald E. Meissen, P.E., Baxter International, Deerfield, IL

2. Sustainability in Residential Design and Construction
John K. Holton, P.E., Member and Burt Hill Kosar Rittlemann, Butler, PA

3. Greening of Federal Buildings
Andrew H. Walker, Associate Member, National Research Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

4. Sustainability Through District Energy and Distributed Generation
John S. Andrepont, Trigen Energy Corporation, Halifax, Nora Scotia, Canada

Forum 1
8:00 a.m. - 8:50 a.m.
Cooling Load Calculations: Will the Real ASHRAE Procedure Please Stand Up?
Sponsor: TC 04.01, Load Calculation Data and Procedures
Moderator: Suzanne LeViseur, P.E., Member, Blue Heron Consulting, Jacksonville Beach, FL
APC Liaison: William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., Paducah Community College
This forum lets members voice their experience with the new procedure and provide input to the TC as to pluses and minuses.

Forum 2
8:00 a.m. - 8:50 a.m.
IAQ Needs: Museums, Librarie and Archives
Sponsor: TC 02.03, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Moderator: William P. Lull, Member, Garrison/Lull, Inc., Princeton, NJ
APC Liaison: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University Belgrade
Discussions of problems with air quality and gaseous contamination, and effective solutions.

Forum 3
9:00 a.m. - 9:50 a.m.
Can We Properly Ventilate Solid Fuel Cooking?
Sponsor: TC 05.10, Kitchen Ventilation
Moderator: Joseph Knapp, Member, McDonald's Corp, Oak Brook, IL
APC Liaison: Branislav Todorovic, Ph.D., University Belgrade
Solid fuel cooking provides higher cooking surface and exhaust temperatures, more tar and ash effluent, more variations of cooking applications and types of solid fuel, greater heat stress on the cooks, and greater fire hazards that other types of cooking. The many varieties of solids fuel cooking appliances, and the combinations of solid fuel and electric or gas cooking make it very difficult for codes and standards to provide safe direction for ventilation of this type of cooking fuel. The forum addresses issues surrounding ventilation of this fuel and direction for pursuing research or guidelines.

Forum 4
9:00 a.m. - 9:50 a.m.
Characterizing the Performance of Central Plants in Multi-Building Campuses
Sponsor: TC 04.07, Energy Calculations
Moderator: Jeff Haberl, Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
APC Liaison: William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., Paducah Community College
Inefficient central plants in multi-building campuses often waste more energy than the buildings they serve. Unfortunately, there is no agreement about how to characterize the performance of a central plant to determine the overall plant efficiency in a way that normalizes for variations in weather, additions or removals in the campus buildings stock, equipment efficiencies and equipment loading profiles. This forum solicits input from ASHRAE members who manage large central plants to determine what methods are in use and the future research directions that are needed to develop methodologies to determine central plant efficiency measurements.

Symposium CH-99-03
Advances in Thermal and Fluid Characteristics in HVAC and Refrigeration Processes
Sponsor: TC 01.03, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow; TC 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerants Heat Transfer Equipment; TC 08.05 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers
Chair: Michael M. Ohadi, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
APC Liaison: Michael Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
This symposium reports some of the latest research progress in heat and mass transport processes of direct significance to refrigerating and air-conditioning applications. The presentations address basic and design-oriented information and deals with heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of alternative refrigerants/refrigerant mixtures.

1. Some Observations Foaming Characteristics in the Nucleate Boiling Performance of Refrigerant-Oil Mixtures
Chi-Chuan Wang, Ph.D., Member, Industrial Tech. Research Inst., Chung, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Yur-Tsai Lin, Yuan-Ze University, Chung Li, Taiwan; Hong-Dao Chung, Yuan-Ze University, Chung Li, Taiwan; Y.Z. Robert Hu, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chung, Hsinchu, Taiwan

2. Effects of Oil on Boiling R123 and R134a Flowing Normal to an Integral-Finned Tube Bundle - RP-751 (TC 8.5)
Robert A. Tatara, Ph.D., Member, Nutemp, Chicago, IL; Parviz Payvar, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL

3. Intube Boiling of R-407C and R-407C/Oil Mixtures Part 1: Microfin Tube (HVAC&R Research Journal - October 1998) - RP-800 (TC 1.3) (4263)
Olivier Zürcher, John R. Thome, Ph.D., P.E. and Daniel Favrat, Ph.D., Member, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland

4. Intube Flowing of R-407C and R-407C/Oil Mixtures Part 2: Plain Tube Results and Predictions (HVAC&R Research Journal - October 1998) - RP-800 (TC 1.3) (4264)
Olivier Zürcher, John R. Thome, Ph.D., P.E. and Daniel Favrat, Ph.D., Member, Swiss Federal Institute of Technlogy, Lausanne, Switzerland

Symposium CH-99-04
Effects of Controlling Humidity on Energy Consumption of Supermarkets
Sponsor: TC 10.07, Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
Chair: Eckhard A. Groll, Ph.D., Member, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
APC Liaison: Thomas D. Logan, Swickert's Inc.
This symposium describes the latest research results related to the effects of controlling the humidity levels on the energy consumption of supermarkets; in particular, the effects of supermarket humidity levels on display case cooling loads and the frosting and defrosting behavior of display case air-coils. The impacts of temperature and humidity set points on the overall energy balance of supermarkets are presented. Possible control improvements to increase the dehumidification capacity of the HVAC system and lower space humidity levels is discussed.

1. Influence of Supermarket Environmental Parameters on the Frosting and Defrosting of Vertical Multi-Deck Cabinets
Savvas A. Tassou, Ph.D., P.E. Member and Debra Datta, Brunel University, Uxbridge, England

2. Are There Optimum Indoor Temperature and Humidity Setpoints for Supermarkets?
Matthieu Orphelin, Dominique Marchio, Ph.D. and Shainta L. D'Alanzo, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Paris, Cedex 06, France

3. The Measured Impacts of Supermarket Humidity Levels on Defrost Performance and Refrigeration System Energy Use
Hugh I. Henderson, Jr., P.E., Member, CDH Energy Corp, Cazenovia, NY; Mukesh Khattar, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Electric Power Research institute, Palo Alto, CA

4. The Impact of HVAC Control Improvments on Supermarket Humidity Levels
Mukesh Khattar, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA; Hugh I. Jr. Henderson, P.E., Member, CDH Energy Corporation, Cazenovia, NY

5. Effects of Low Emissivity Shields on Performance and Power Use of a Refrigerated Display Case
Ramin Faramarzi, P.E., Associate Member, Southern California Edison, San Dimas, CA; Michele L. Woodworth, Intel Corp., Dupont, WA

Symposium CH-99-05
Fault Detection and Diagnostics - Learning from Building Operations
Sponsor: TC 04.06, Building Operation Dynamics; TG 04 Integrated Building Design
Chair: Osman Ahmed, Ph.D., P.E., Landis & Staefa, Buffalo Grove, IL
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, P.E., The University of Alabama
Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) are essential for improving building operation. Advanced algorithms such as expert systems, neural network have shown promise in past for FDD of building HVAC systems. However, their reported success are based on laboratory or rest data. This symposium focuses on using advanced FDD techniques with real building operating data. The symposium papers illustrate the value of such methods, their limitations and discusses implementation issues.

1. A Fault Detection Tool for School Buildings
Jean-Christophe Visier, Ph.D., Hossein Vaezi-Nejad, Ph.D. and Patrick Corrales, CSTB, Marne-la-Vallee, Cedex 2, France

2. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Outdoor-Air Ventilation Systems and Economizers: Methodology and Results from Field Testing
Srinivas Katipamula, Ph.D., Member, Robert Pratt, David P. Chassin, Z. Todd Taylor, Associate Member, Krishnan Gowri, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Michael R. Brambley, Ph.D., Member, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA

3. Fault Detection and Diagnosis of HVAC System
Chia Y. Han, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; Yunfeng Xiao, AT&T, Cincinnati, OH; Carl Ruther, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

4. Detecting Whole Building Energy Problems
Robert H. Dodier, Student Member and Jan F. Kreider, Ph.D., University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

Symposium CH-99-06
Innovative Methods For Room Air Distribution
Sponsor: TC 05.03, Room Air Distribution; 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Chair: Mo Hosni, Ph.D., Member, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, R. M.Suggs Company
This symposium deals with the evaluation of various air distribution methods applied in office and industrial facilities. Both experimental and computational computational fluid dynamics results are presented. Also, the measurement and modeling techniques applied in each case are discussed.

1. Measurements and Computations of Room Airflow with Displacement Ventilation (RP-949) (TC5.3) (4265)
Yuan Xiaoxiong, Ph.D., Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, CA; Qingyan (Yan) Chen, Ph.D., Member, Leon Glicksman, Ph.D., Member, Yongqing Hu and Xudong Yang, Student Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

2. Comparison of Various Methods to Distribute Supply Air in Industrial Facilities (RP-811) (TC 5.8)
Allan Kirkpatrick, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Kurt Strobel, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

3. Underfloor Air Distribution Solutions for Open Office Applications
Kenneth J. Loudermilk, Associate Member, Trox USA, Alpharetta, GA

4. Models for Prediction of Temperature Difference and Ventilation Effectiveness with Displacement Ventilation (RP-949) (TC 5.3) (4266)
Yuan Xiaoxiong, Ph.D., Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, CA; Qingyan (Yan) Chen, Ph.D., Member and Leon Glicksman, Ph.D., Member, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA

5. A CFD Study for Cold Air Distribution Systems
Shih-Cheng Hu, Ph.D., Member, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; John Michael Barber, P.E., University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Yew Khoy Chuah, Ph.D., Member, National Taipei University of Tech., Taipei, Taiwan

Symposium CH-99-07
Laboratory Exhaust Fans and Stacks
Sponsor: TC 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Victor Newman, P.E., Member, Strobil Air Corporation, San Diego, CA
APC Liaison: Frederick J. Ringe
This symposium includes the latest ASHRAE sponsored research on safe selection and application of exhaust fan and stack heights for laboratory ventilation systems, as well as architectural screens and their effect on air flow around buildings.

1.Dilution Calculations For Determining Laboratory Exhaust Stack Heights
Michael A. Ratcliff, Ph.D., P.E., Member, RWDI, Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Emil Sandru, Ph.D., P.E., Research Facilities Design, San Diego, CA

2. Influence of Architectural Screens on Roof-top Concentrations Due to Effluent from Short Stacks
Ronald L. Petersen, Ph.D., Member and John J. Carter, Member, Cermak Peterka Petersen Inc., Fort Collins, CO

3. Design Consideration For A Large Central Laboratory Exhaust
A. John Rydzewski, Member, E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE

4. Design Guidelines for Laboratory Exhaust Fans and Stacks
Kenneth D'Cruz, Member, County Mechanical, San Diego, CA

Seminar 5
HVAC Noise in Classrooms: Overcoming Barriers to Learning
Sponsor: TC 02.06, Sound and Vibration Control
Chair: Lawrence Gelin, Associate Member, Johns Manville Technical Center, Littleton, CO
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Company
The influence of classroom acoustics on the learning ability of students with hearing loss has become an important social and political issue recently. U.S. governmental regulation concerning classroom design and acoustical acceptability will dramatically affect the HVAC industry. Criteria determining acceptable HVAC noise levels in classrooms are presented, along with up-to-date experimental and social research that demonstrates the effect of classroom acoustics on the learning ability of children with normal hearing and with hearing loss. Acoustician present guidelines for quiet HVAC design and cost considerations affecting acoustics in classrooms.

1. Acoustical Criteria Made Simple
Ted N. Carnes, Ph.D., P.E., Associate Member, Pelton Marsh Kinsell, Dallas, TX

2. The Effect of Acoustical Barriers to Learning in Classrooms
Peggy Nelson, Ph.D., University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD

3. Factors Affecting Children's Speech Communications in Classrooms
Sigfrid Soli, Ph.D., House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA

4. Designing Quiet HVAC Systems for Classrooms
Jerry G. Lilly, Ph.D., Member, JGL Acoustics, Inc., Issaquah, WA

5. The Cost of Noise Control in Classroom HVAC Systems
Mark E. Schaffer, P.E., Schaffer Acoustics, Pacific Palisades, CA

Seminar 6
Metering Technologies for the Next Generation of Energy Providers
Sponsor: TC 01.09, Electrical Systems
Chair: Michael Kuk, Member, Commonwealth Edison, Oak Brook, IL
APC Liaison: Colleen Smith, P.E., Florida Power Company
To stay competitive, energy providers will need to offer innovative services. These services will often require advanced metering technologies. Energy providers will need to aggregate and customize bills for multiple-site customers. They will need the ability to monitor real time electric use remotely, at multiple sites, possible from anywhere in the world. In addition to billing control, the competitive energy provider of the future will need to provide information directly to the customer. This seminar discusses these new metering requirements and some technologies to meet them.

1. Is It More Than Just Metering-The Opportunity to Move Information
David Sneeringer, Conectiv, Wilmington, DE

2. From Power Plant to Energy Using Equipment
Lawrence J. Kotewa, P.E., Commonwealth Edison Company, Oak Brook, IL

3. Moving Beyond Just Dollars and Cents! Real-Time Monitoring to Measure Cost and Power System Performance
Sandy Smith, Electroteck Concepts, Inc., Knoxville, TN

4. From Metering to Customer Service
Veronika Rabl, Ph.D., EPRI, Palo Alto, CA

Forum 5
10:15 a.m. - 11:05 a.m.
Building Energy Performance Labels: What Is ASHRAE's Role?
Sponsor: TC 09.06, Systems Energy Utilization
Moderator: Richard P. Mazzucchi, Member, Resource Performance Management Corp, Seattle, WA
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E.
Commercial building owners can apply for a new Energy Star Building Label to provide "the mark of excellence in energy performance." To qualify, a building has to be in the top 25% of comparable buildings for energy efficiency. EPA says the label will increase the asset value of a building and make it more appealing to tenants. This forum explores what, if any, role ASHRAE should take pertaining to performance labels and the technical challenge of defensible comparing building energy performance. The efforts of TC 9.6 in this area are described, and the current plans by EPA/DOA for energy performance determination and certification are discussed.

Forum 6
10:15 a.m. - 11:05 a.m.
Understanding the ASHRAE Research Process
Sponsor: Research Administration Committee
Moderator: Alfred Woody, P.E., Member, Giffels Associates, Inc., Southfield, MI
APC Liaison: Janet M. Lynch, Johnson Controls Inc.
Come and learn how to make the ASHRAE Research process work for you. Find out how Work Statements get evaluated and obtain information for managing a research project. Do you have suggestions for improvements? Bring those ideas to this forum so improvements to the process can be discussed.

Forum 7
11:15 a.m. - 12:05 p.m.
Air Quality Within Commercial Aircraft Standard--Draft
Sponsor: TC 09.03, Transportation Air Conditioning; SPC 161P
Moderator: Larry Holcomb, Member, Holcomb Environmental Services, Inc., Olivet, MI
APC Liaison: Janet M. Lynch, Johnson Controls, Inc.
The SPC 161P is currently in its drafting stage. The committee is developing a standard and a user's manual dealing with air quality in commercial aircraft cabins, including contaminants, temperature, humidity , pressure, and their measurements.

Forum 8
11:15 a.m. - 12:05 p.m.
Implications of Proposed Guidelines for Standard 62 on Building Systems
Sponsor: TC 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: Phillip M. Trafton ,C.I.P.E., Member, Donald F. Dickerson Associates, Sherman Oaks, CA
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Mathaudhu Engineering Inc.
This forum allows the consulting engineering, building owners and operators and construction community to share information and concerns pertaining to the proposed guideline. Those concerns include constructability, measurability, cost, inspectability, long-term maintenance and effectiveness, among others.

Symposium CH-99-08
Full Scale Tests in Very Large Spaces and CFD Modeling
Sponsor: TC 05.06, Control of Fire and Smoke
Chair: William Webb, P.E., Member, Performance Technology Consulting, Lake Bluff, IL
APC Liaison: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University Belgrade
This symposium presents results of research of smoke in very large space: how it is detected, how it is exhausted and how it affects tenability of spaces. The research compared fire test results with CFD computer modeling.

1. Smoke Movement and Detector Activation in High Bay Spaces
William Davis, Ph.D., NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

2. Large-Scale Physical Model Studies for an Atrium Smoke Exhaust System (RP-899) (TC 5.6)
Gary Lougheed, Ph.D., Member, George Hadjisophocleous, Ph.D., P.E., Cameron McCartney, and Bruce C. Taber, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

3. Numerical Study of the Effectiveness of Atrium Smoke Exhaust Systems (RP-899) (TC 5.6)
George Hadjisophocleous, Ph.D., P.E., Gary Lougheed, Ph.D., Member, and Shu Cao, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

4. An Engineering Approach the Tenability Systems for Atrium Smoke Management
John H. Klote, D.Sc., P.E., Fellow, John H. Klote, Inc., McLean, VA

Symposium CH-99-09
Laboratory Verification and Testing
Sponsor: TC 09.10, Laboratory Systems
Chair: Carl Lawson, Member, EMR, Inc., Arlington, VA
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Company
With technology ever increasing in laboratories today, verification and testing of laboratories has become even more paramount. Biological, electronic and research laboratories are taking on different parameters. This symposium addresses some of these new technologies in verification along with testing requirements that are now being required by new standards and guidelines.

1. Containment Testing for Occupied and Unoccupied Fume Hoods
Louis DiBerardinis, Member and Pamela L. Greenley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Frederick Lorch, P.E., Member, Phoenix Controls Corp., Newton, MA

2. Specification and Performance of Testing and Balancing in Biologics Facilities
J. Thomas Burns and William Milburn, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Fluor Daniel/C102M, Greenville, SC

3. Cooling Loads in Laboratories
Christopher Wilkins, P.E., Member and Mike R. Cook, Hallam Associates, South Burlington, VT

4. Engineering & Specifications for HVAC Systems Relating to Testing and Balancing
Richard Rose, Mechanical Technology, Billings, MT

Seminar 7
First Time at an ASHRAE Meeting? This Seminar's for You!
Sponsor: ASHRAE Program Committee
Chair: Sally McInerny, P.E., Member, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
APC Liaison: Sally McInerny, P.E., Member, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL
This seminar introduces new meeting attendees to the events of a Society meeting-how to get involved in a technical committee, what is the difference between a symposium and a seminar, and how to become part of the meeting program. The role of ASHRAE staff in a meeting and the events that surround the AHR Exposition are explained. And if you're not having fun yet, the technical tours, guest and "special' events (how to have fun at ASHRAE) are discussed.

1. Membership - Benefits to You, Benefits to Your Company
William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., Paducah Community College, Paducah, KY; Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Member, Mathaudhu Engineering Inc., Riverside, CA

2. Standing Committees - What They do, How members are Appointed
Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Member, Mathaudhu Engineering Inc., Riverside, CA; William Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Paducah Community College, Paducah, KY

3. Technical Committees, Technical Programs, Committee Meetings, and the role of ASHRAE Staff at a Society Meeting
Emil Friberg, P.E., Member, Friberg Associates, Inc., Fort Worth, TX

4. The fun Side of ASHRAE Meetings
Ismena Deacon, C.Eng., Member, Ove Arup and Partners, London, England, United Kingdom

Seminar 8
Ground Water and Open Loop Case Studies
Sponsor: TC 06.08, Geothermal Energy Utilization
Chair: Jitendra Singh, P.E., Member, J and P Engineers, P.A., Kenball Park, NJ
APC Liaison: Colleen Smith, P.E., Florida Power Company
The seminar features case studies related to open loop, standing column, and mainly ground water systems. It emphasizes lessons learned depicting energy use data and discussions on other operating issues.

1. The Performance of Standing Column Well at the Maine Audubon Nature Center
Andrew Lowenstein, Ph.D., Member, AIL Research Inc., Princeton, NJ

2. Open Loop Application at The Dubuque County Courthouse
Steven W. Carlson, P.E., CDH Energy Corp, Cazenovia, NY

3. Open Loop Applications in Commercial Buildings in South Jersey
Gustav Foster, Jr., P.E., Conectiv Solutions, Vineland, NJ

4. Plate Heat Exchangers for Open Loop GSHP Systems
Kevin Rafferty, P.E., Geo Heat Center, Klamath Falls, OR

5. Open Loop Commercial Applications in Missouri
Kirk Mescher, P.E., CM Engineering, Columbia, MS

Seminar 9
International Perspectives on Climate Change
Sponsor: TG2, Global Climate Change
Chair: Frederique Sauer, Member, Dehon Service, Vincennes, France
APC Liaison: Robert M. Suggs, III, P.E., R. M Suggs Company
The consequences of the Kyoto Protocol on global climate change are seen as different depending on the region of the world. This seminar presents the implications of Kyoto on the refrigerating and air-conditioning industries.

1. The Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in the European Union: The Impact on the Use of Fluorocarbons by the Industry
Nicholas Campbell, Ph.D., ICI KLEA, Chesire, UK

2. Japanese Perspective on Global Climate Change
Osami Kataoka, Daikin, Sakai, Osaka, Japan

3. Climate-Friendly Technologies in the Buildings Sector
John P. Millhone, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington D.C.

3. U.S. Perspectives on Global Climate Change
Thomas E. Werkema, Elf Atochem North America, Philadelphia, PA

Seminar 10
Limiting Climate Change Through District Energy and Distributed Generation: Part 2
Sponsor: TC 09.05, Cogeneration Systems; TC 06.02 District Heating and Cooling
Chair: James Watts, Member, NREC, Woburn, MA
APC Liaison: Michael Pate, Ph.D., Iowa State University
Distributed generation technologies are providing new opportunities to reduce energy-related emissions and costs. This seminar explores the potential impact of distributed generation, its use in district energy applications, and one of its enabling technologies, microturbines.

1. Distributed Generation Forum: Understanding the Opportunity
Dan E. Kincaid, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois

2. CO₂ Emissions Reduction via Combined Heat and Power
John S. Audrepont, Member, Trigen Energy Corporation, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

3. The Microturbine's Role in Distributed Generation
James Watts, Member, Northern Research and Engineering Corporation, Woburn, MS

Seminar 11
Safe Ventilation in Nuclear Facilities
Sponsor: TC 09.02, Industrial Air Conditioning
Chair: Douglass Abramson, Member, U.S. Department of Energy, Germantown, MD
APC Liaison: Frederick J. Ringe, Energy Management Associates
Safe operation of nuclear facilities has been a concern of the industry and public ever since the concept of radiation. Those employees that work around radiation rely on many mechanisms to provide for their protection and safety. This seminar discusses one of those mechanisms, ventilation, specially a national standard for air and gas treatment and testing, portable ventilation, natural ventilation and maintaining the ventilation system. These techniques communicate information which can be used by any nuclear facility or industrial plant that has airborne hazards to workers, the public, or the environment.

1. ASME AG-1 "Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment", Section TA "Acceptance Testing"
Jack Jacox, Member, NUCON International, Inc., Columbus, OH

2. Testing and Use of Portable Air Movers
Wayne M. Lawton, Associate Member, Giffels Associates, Inc, Southfield, MI

3. Natural Ventilation For Irradiated Nuclear Fuel
Richard A. Evans, P.E., Fellow, Evans Associates, Richland, WA

4. Hepa Fillter Testing/Lessons Learned
Bruce A. Bettencourt, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA

Forum 9
1:00 p.m. -1:50 p.m.
Are Piping Standards Needed For District Heating and Cooling?
Sponsor: TC 06.02, District Heating and Cooling
Moderator: Gary Phetteplace, Ph.D., P.E., Member, U.S. Army Cold Regions Laboratory, Hanover, NH
APC Liaison: James Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
District heating and cooling (DHC) is seeing renewed interest in North America. DHC, especially when combined withcogeneration, offers superior fuel utilization efficiency and the potential for significant emissions reductions. A principal impediment to increased use of DHC technology is the high capital cost of the buried piping. High heat losses/gains and premature failures have also plagued the systems. This forum discusses the need for standards for DHC piping systems and the role these may play in increasing system lifetimes and reducing capital and operating costs.

Forum 10
1:00 p.m. -1:50 p.m.
Maintenance Issues Relative to Testing and Balancing
Sponsor: TC 09.07, Testing and Balancing
Moderator: Gerald Kettler, P.E., Member, Air Engineering & Testing, Dallas, TX
APC Liaison: Thomas D. Logan, Swickert's Inc.
Maintenance of buildings is important to proper functioning of the HVAC system. Building usage is dynamic. Usage and interior partitioning change frequently. Fan belts are replaced. Filters are changed. Parts are changed. Dampers and balancing valves are repositioned. Who verifies that repairs and changes do not affect the performance of the systems?

Forum 11
2:00 p.m. - 2:50 p.m.
Do Unitary Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Test and Rating Procedures Reflect the Benefits of Software and Hardware Improvements?
Sponsor: TC 07.06, Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Moderator: Gregory Rosenquist, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
APC Liaison: James Buckley, P.E., CCRD Partners
Current unitary equipment test and rating procedures primarily capture benefits from certain "hardware" aspects, such as the efficiency of the compressor. Many manufacturers are now installing "intelligence" into their equipment through the use of microprocessor-based controls that sense conditions and make decisions regarding operation. Existing test procedures are seemingly unable to measure the comfort and energy saving benefits that are possible through these types of "software" aspects. This forum discusses whether current procedures do indeed capture the benefits of software and hardware improvements and, if not, identify means by which these procedures can be modified to capture their benefits.

Forum 12
2:00 p.m. -2:50 p.m.
How Do We Achieve Multi-Vendor Interoperability in Existing Facilities?
Sponsor: TC 01.04, Control Theory and Application
Moderator: Jim Coogan, P.E., Associate Member, Siemens Building Technology, Landis Division, Buffalo Grove, IL
APC Liaison: Thomas D. Logan, Swickert's Inc.
Several open protocols available for building systems promise to enable interoperability among many types of electronic systems supplied by different vendors. These technologies may simplify the challenge of interoperability when specifiers and contractors have a clean slate. What about the enormous stock of existing buildings, with functioning, stand-alone systems? What are the cost-effective approaches to integration? What can be achieved? Where are the pitfalls? What does it take to succeed?

Technical Session 2
APC Liaison: Chad B. Dorgan, P.E., Dorgan Associates Inc.
A Temperature Controller for VAV Air-Handling Units Based on Simplified Physical Models ( HVAC&R Research Journal - July 1998) (4227)
Tim I. Salsbury, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

A feedforward controller based on simplified physical models is described for air-handling units to supplement conventional PI control. Feedforward control reduces the reliance on the feedback loop and makes the tuning of the PI controller less critical. Low gain (default) control parameters may then be used in the feedback loop, thereby eliminating the need for on-site tuning. This paper describes the control scheme and models, and presents results from tests carried out using a simulated air-handling unit.

Converting Dual Duct Constant Volume Systems to Variable Volume Systems Without Retrofitting the Terminal Boxes ( 4228)
Mingsheng Liu, Ph.D., P.E., Member and David Claridge, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX

Dual duct constant air volume systems can be converted to variable air volume systems by installing hot air dampers in the main hot air ducts. No terminal box retrofit is needed. The detailed retrofit procedures and control sequences are described in this paper. Results from a case study building are also presented.

Placement of Ventilation Air Intakes for Improved IAQ (RP-806) (4229)
Sponsor: TC 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Brian A. Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Member and Kelly Moylan, Student Member, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS

ASHRAE Research Project, Design Criteria for Building Ventilation Inlets (806-RP), reviewed existing knowledge of placement of ventilation air louvers, to produce a design guide, and to suggest additional research, all with the intention of improving indoor air quality in commercial and institutional buildings. Previous research effort and standards relating to ventilation air intake placement are described.

Skin Load Control for Building Perimeter Zone Air Conditioning (4230)
Xiangyang Chen, Master and Kazuyuki Kamimura, Member, Bachelor, Yamatake Corporation., Tokyo, Japan; Tashiyki Watanabe, Doctor, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

This paper analyzes the "feedback control" method conventionally used for control of perimeter zone air conditioning in large area offices. It describes the principle of "skin load control" to improve perimeter zone air conditioning, and examines the characteristics of a key hardware component, "radiant temperature sensor". It also describes the "convective heat transfer coefficient", an important parameter in skin load control. Based on the findings of measurement results derived from a comparison experiment, the paper shows the effectiveness of skin load control in perimeter zone air conditioning control from the viewpoints of controllability and energy conservation.

The Mixing Effectiveness of an Air-Handling Unit Combination Mixer/Filter Box with and without Filters Installed in the Mixing Box (4231)
Keith Robinson, Associate Member, Keith Robinson, P.E., Lakewood, CO

The mixing effectiveness on an air-handling unit combination mixing/filter box was presented in a previous paper. This mixing box was equipped with a bank of 2 in. pleated throwaway filters (30% efficient filters). The resulting mixing effectiveness for the mixing box ranged from 0.12 to 0.54. In a second series of tests, the filters were removed from the mixing box to determine what effect the filters had upon the mixing effectiveness of the mixing box. The second series of tests showed that the mixing effectiveness ranged from 0.21 to 0.65.

Symposium CH-99-10
Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps and Refrigeration Systems
Sponsor: TC 08.03, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Chair: Srinivan Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Absorption heat pumps are viewed as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to CFC-based systems. These heat-operated systems are attracting renewed attention due to the phaseout of CPCs and HCFCs. This symposium covers a wide variety of topics such as cycle design and simulation and heat pump testing.

1. GAX Absorption Cycle Design Process
Douglas K. Priedeman, P.E and Richard N. Christensen, Ph.D., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

2. Simple Absorption Heat Pump Modules for Systems Simulation Programs
Hans-Martin Hellmann, Ph.D., Member, Zent-Frenger, Heppenheim, Germany; Felix F. Ziegler, ZAE Bayern, Garching, Germany

3. Test Results For an Absorption Heat Pump with Adjustable Compositions
Peter Treffinger, Ph.D., and Thomas Peter, German Aerospace Center, Hardthausen, Germany

4. Compact Sieve - Tray Distillation Column for Ammonia - Water Absorption Heat Pump, Part I: Design Methodology
G. Anand, Ph.D., Member, and Donald Erickson, Member, Energy Concepts Company, Annapolis, MD

5. Secondary Properties of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
Everett W. Heinonen, New Mexico Engineering, Albuquerque, NM; and Robert E. Tapscott, Ph.D., Member, NMERI, Albuquerque, NM

6. Corrosion Inhibition in Lithium Bromide Absorption Fluid for Advanced and Current Absorption Cycle Machines
Shyam K. Verma, Ph.D., Member, FMC Corporation, Bessemer City, NC; Manuel S. Mekhjian, CTC, Materials Engineering, Santa Clara, CA; George R. Sandor, and Noriko Nakada, Member, FMC Corporation, Gastonia, NC

Symposium CH-99-11
Attic and Cathedral Ceilings II
Sponsor: TC 04.04, Thermal Insulation and Moisture Retarders
Chair: Lixing Gu, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL
APC Liaison: Ismena V. Deacon, P.E., Ove Arup & Partners
In the Handbook of Fundamentals, chapters 22 and 23 pertain to the thermal and moisture performance of building envelope materials and assemblies. The 1997 edition contains several departures from earlier editions, notably a reassessment of prescriptive building recommendations, and an encouragement toward the use of a performance approach. The reassessment of prescriptive requirements, notably the 1/300 ventilation rule, brought to light the lack of a consistent, coherent research base on attic and cathedral ceiling performance. This symposium aims to improve the knowledge of attic performance, specifically for the 2001 Handbook of Fundamentals.

1. Conclusions from Ten Years of Canadian Attic Research
Don Fugler, Member, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, ON, Canada

2. A Preliminary Experimental Assessment of the Comparative Thermal Performance of Attics and Cathedral Ceilings in a Cold Climate
Louis F. Goldberg, Ph.D., Patrick H. Huelman and Barry Bridges, P.E., Member, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

3. Heat and Moisture Response of Vented and Compact Cathedral Ceilings: A Test House Evaluation
Hugo Hens, Ph.D., Member and Arnold Janssens, Ph.D., University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4. Issues Related to Venting of Attics and Cathedral Ceilings
Anton TenWolde, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Forest Product Laboratory, Madison, WI; William B. Rose, Member, Building Research Council, Champaign, IL

5. Test and Evaluation of Attic Temperature Reduction Potential of Plastic Roof Shakes
John K. Holton, P.E., Member and Timothy R. Beggs, Associate Member, Burt Hill Kosar Rittlemann Associates, Butler, PA

Symposium CH-99-12
Health Care Issues Update
Sponsor: TC 09.08, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications
Chair: Carl Lawson, Member, EMR, Inc., Arlington, VA
APC Liaison: Ira G. Poston, Duke Power Co.
Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal systems hold a great deal of promise to lower the concentration of airborne organisms in the lower part of the room, thereby controlling the spread of airborne infection among occupants. This symposium examines ultraviolet germicidal situations from a design and operations point of view, plus basic principles and how proper medical gas testing plays a role in these facilities. Methods of dealing with ultraviolet systems, medical gas systems isolation and medical gas concerns are addressed.

1. Guidelines for the Application of Upper-Room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Preventing Transmission of Airborne Contagion, Part 1: Basic Principles
Melvin W. First, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Edward A. Nardell, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Hospital, Cambrdige, MA; William Chaisson, P.E., Life Member, Chaisson Consultants, Newton, MA; Richard Riley, Professor Emeritus, John Hopkins University, Petersham, MA

2. Guidelines for the Application of Upper-Room Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Preventing Transmission of Airborne Contagion, Part 2: Design and Operation Guidance
Melvin W. First, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Edward A. Nardell, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA; William Chaisson, P.E., Life Member, Chaisson Consultants, Newton, MA; Richard Riley, Professor Emeritus, John Hopkins University, Petersham, MA

3. Correct and Proper Medical Gas Testing and Certification
Gerhard Gschwandtner, P.Eng., and Kalan D. Smith, Compreshensive Monitoring Services, Inc., Cary, NC

Seminar 12
A New Initiative: HVAC&R Research for the 21st Century
Sponsor: TC 03.01, Refrigerant and Secondary Coolants; TC 03.02, Refrigerant System Chemistry; TC 03.03, Refrigerant Contaminant Control; 03.04 Lubrication; TC 04.03, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Chair: Kenneth Hickman, Ph.D., Member, York International, York, PA
APC Liaison: Sukhdev S. Mathaudhu, P.E., Mathaudhu Engineering Inc.
A major HVAC&R industry research program which addresses energy efficiency, comfort, and environmental issues associated with HVAC&R equipment and applications is being launched. This seminar presents the background and current status of the program, the "21-CR" effort. The leaders of the five 21-CR research areas will explain their group's mission and identify top projects being moved forward. The relationship of the 21-CR program to ASHRAE's extensive research efforts are explained.

1. Research on Working Fluids
Richard H. Ernst, Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, WI

2. Investigations to Increase Equipment Efficiencies
Thomas E. Watson, P.E., Member, McQuay International, Staunton, VA

3. Evaluation of Alternative "Not-in-Kind" Equipment
Lee W. Burgett, P.E., Member, The Trane Company, La Crosse, WI

4. Research Addressing Indoor Environmental Issues
H.E. Barney Burroughs, Presidential Member, Building Wellness Consultant, Alpharetta, GA

5. Enhanced Integration of HVAC&R Equipment into Varied Applications
Richard E. Ertinger, Member, Carrier Corp, Syracuse, NY

Seminar 13
Alternative Drives for Centrifugal Chillers--Key Considerations for the Deregulated Market
Sponsor: TC 08.02, Centrifugal Machines
Chair: William Dietrich, Associate Member, York International, York, PA
APC Liaison: Emil E. Friberg, P.E., Friberg Associates, Inc.
This seminar provides insights into the alternatives for the electric motor driver typically applied to centrifugal chillers.There are other drivers that can be applied to the compressor that may offer more economical operation for an end user. Presentations address the design, operational and performance differences between electric motor-driven and alternative drive centrifugal chillers. Focus will be on gas turbine, steam turbine and gas engine drivers and a presentation from an end user's perspective.

1. Small Gas Turbine Engine-Driven Chillers
James H. Watts, Member, Northern Research and Engineering Corporation, Woburn, MA

2. Design and Application Considerations for Gas Engine and Steam Turbine Driven Centrifugal Chillers
William E. Stewart, Associate Member, York International, York, PA

3. Justifying and Operating Gas Cooling Equipment
John M. Hester, P.E., Member, Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta, GA

Seminar 14
Dessicant Wheels? Heat Recovery Wheels? What Are the Differences?
Sponsor: TC 05.05, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery; TC 03.05 Desiccant and Sorption Technology
Chair: Katherine Hammack, Member, APS, Phoenix, AZ
APC Liaison: Marvin Thedford, P.E., TU Electric
There are a lot of "wheel" technologies on the market that promise to save energy, condition occupied space and reduce humidity all without CFCs. How do they work? What are the design conditions that are most suitable for this technology? This seminar clarifies the differences between these two types of wheels. The psychometrics of energy transfer as well as the most suitable applications for each type of wheel system are described.

1. Functional Differences in Enthalpy and Desiccant Wheel Technologies as Applied to Hybrid Vapor-Compression Systems
Paul Brillhart, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago-Energy Resource Center, Chicago, IL

2. The 2 C's in Desiccant-Comprehension and Control
Maury Wawryk, Affiliate, Venmar CES, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

3. Case Study of Desiccant and Enthalpy Wheel Applications
Marek Czachorski, Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL

4. Wheel Application
Kirk Mescher, P.E., Associate Member, CM Engineering, Columbia, MO

Seminar 15
Product and Market Developments of Engine Chillers
Sponsor: TC 07.04, Unitary Combustion-Engine-Driven Heat Pumps
Chair: Gary Nowakowski, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL
APC Liaison: Colleen Smith, P.E., Florida Power Company
This seminar describes the product and market developments of engine driven chillers. Presentations address the design, operational and performance differences between electric motor-driven and engine-driven chillers, continuing technology improvements in reciprocating engine-driven chillers, installation and operating experience of engine-driven chillers at Army and Air Force installations and the product design and development of a hybrid gas/electric chiller.

1. Overview of Engine Chiller Product and Market Developments
Gary Nowakowski, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL

2. Design and Performance Differences between Natural Gas Engine-driven Chillers and Electric Motor-driven Chillers
John Brogan, P.E., Member, Tecogen, S. Elgin, IL

3. Engine Chillers-Installation and Operating Experiences
Richard Rundus, P.E., Member, USA-CERL UL-U, Champaign, IL

4. Hybrid Gas/Electric Chiller Product Development
Joe Browning, Alturdyne, San Diego, CA

5. Development and Introduction of Industrial Engine Powered Reciprocating Compressor Chillers
Kirby Brown, Cummins Southwest, Inc., Phoenix, AZ

Forum 13
8:00 a.m. - 8:50 a.m.
Issues with Frost Formation in Glass Door Display Cases in Supermarkets
Sponsor: TC 10.07, Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
Moderator: Massoud Neshan, Member, Hill Phoenix, Colonial Heights, VA
APC Liaison: Frederick Ringe, Energy Management Associates
To reduce the refrigeration requirements of open, multi-deck, low-temperature display cases and at the same time reduce the cold air spillage in the aisle of supermarkets, glass door display cases have been used extensively to display frozen food and ice cream. The design and the usage of the cases permit moisture to be introduced into the display case, and some of the moisture is deposited on the product in the form of frost that affects the display as well as the quality of the frozen food. Supermarket operators want to reduce and ultimately eliminate this frost formation on the product.

Forum 14
9:00 a.m. - 9:50 a.m.
Do We Need Research on the Percentage of Building Squarefeet to Be Programmed for Mechanical Space?
Sponsor: TC 09.01, Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Moderator: Charles Arnold, P.E., Member, HDR Architects, Inc., Omaha, NE
APC Liaison: Frederick J. Ringe
This forum address the question if there is adequate published data on the recommended per cent of building square footage that needs to be reserved for the building's mechanical systems. Do the published numbers provide for adequate space for O&M operations and designs to meet IAQ? Does ASHRAE need a research project to create a data base of square feet from existing buildings judged to have adequate mechanical space? What should the data base include (type, size, occupancy, location etc.)?

Symposium CH-99-13
Computers in HVAC Education
Sponsor: TC 01.05, Computer Applications
Chair: Dennis O'Neal, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Ron Nelson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IO
APC Liaison: Michael B. Pate, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa State University
Computers play an ever-growing role in engineering education. Equation solvers, spreadsheets, finite element, loads calculation software allows students to solve much more demanding and design oriented problems than their counterparts of only a decade ago. This symposium illustrates how some of this software is being used in HVAC education in major universities across the United States.

1. Integration of an Equation Solving Program into an Energy Systems Laboratory Course
Sanford Klein, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

2. Teaching the Design of Thermal Systems Using Equation Solvers
Srinivas Garimella, Ph.D., Member, Iowa State University, Ames, IA

3. Teaching Students About Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer Effects in Buildings, Building Components, Equipment and Appliances Using THERM 2.0
Charlie Huizenga, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Dariush Arasteh, P.E., Member, Elizabeth Finlayson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Robin Mitchell, Brent Griffith and Dragan Curcija, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA

4. A Commercial-Scale University HVAC Laboratory
Jan Kreider, Ph.D., P.E., Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; Peter Curtiss, Ph.D., P.E., Member, AEC, Inc., Boulder, CO; Darrell Massie, Ph.D., P.E., Member, USMA, West Point, NY; Erik Jeannette, Member, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

Symposium CH-99-14
Multizone Modeling of Ventilation and Infiltration in Residential Buildings
Sponsor: TC 04.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling
Chair: Branislav B. Todorovic, Ph.D., University Belgrade
Chair: Steven Emmerich, Associate Member, N.I.S.T, Gaithersburg, MD
The symposium addresses the application of multizone airflow and IAQ modeling to study problems related to ventilation and infiltration in a variety of residential buildings. The papers include a comparison of different modeling methods, comparisons of the performance of various ventilation systems for both single-family and multi-family buildings, and an analysis of the impact of distribution system leakage.

1. Multizone Airflow and Contaminant Modeling: Performance of Two Common Ventilation Systems in Swedish Apartment Buildings
Magnus K. Herrlin, Ph.D., Member, Bellcore, San Ramon, CA

2. Distribution System Leakage Impacts on Apartment Building Ventilation Rates
Iain S. Walker, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkely, CA

3. Comparison of Residental Air Infiltration Rates Predicted by Single Zone and Multizone Models
Amy Musser, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD; Grenville Yuill, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NB

4. Numerical Analysis of Ventilaiton System Performance by COMIS Model
Hiroshi Yoshino, Ph.D., Member and Jing Liu, Tohoku University, Aoba Sendai, Japan; Helmut E. Feustel, Ph.D., Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA; Jean-Robert Millet, P.E., CSTB, Champs-sur-Marne, France; Lars-Goran Mansson, P.E., Member, LGM Consult AB, Tullinge, Sweden

Seminar 16
3 gpm Condenser Water Flow--Does It Waste Energy?
Sponsor: TC 08.02, Centrifugal Machines
Chair: Richard Danks, P.E., Member, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH
APC Liaison: Emil Friberg, P.E., Friberg Associates, Inc.
It has been concluded that optimum centrifugal chiller condenser water flow should be in the range of 1.05 to 2.0 GPM. These conclusions have been based on potential energy savings and first cost of condenser system equipment versus the energy penalty on the chiller due to reduced flow. Tube fouling may also be impacted by reduced flow. This seminar features presentations on the advantages of reduce condenser water flow and a presentation the impacts of lower flow on tube fouling.

1. Centrifugal Chiller Condenser Water Flow and Tower Design Optimization
Sam V. Shelton, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA

2. 3 GPM/TON CW Flow Wastes Energy, Right? Wrong!
Wayne Kirsner, P.E., Member, Kirsner, Pullin & Associate, Marietta, GA

3. Condenser Tube Fouling
Ralph L. Webb, Ph.D., Member, Penn State University, University Park, PA

Seminar 17
Are Pre-Filters Necessary?
Sponsor: TC 02.04, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment
Chair: Matt Klein, P.E., Member, Indoor Air Quality Solutins, Bethel, OH
APC Liaison: Thomas D. Logan, Swickert's Inc.

Pre-filters are lower efficiency filters placed upstream of higher efficiency main filters. The purpose of pre-filters is to extend the life of the more costly main filter. Not having to replace the main filter so often means that the organization saves on filter cost. But, does it? Does the pre-filter always improve the performance of the main filter? Do pre-filters only profit those selling them? This seminar includes presentation on the pros and cons of pre-filters. Given the cost and profit issues involved, this seminar should be an exciting one.

1. Prefiltration: A "Must" or a "Myth"
H.E. Barney Burroughs, Presidential Member, Building Wellness Consulting, Alpharetta, GA

2. Using Prefilters to Extend Filter Life
Antoine Chase, Member, AAF International, Dorval, Quebec, Canada

3. Are Pre-Filters Necessary When Using Extended Area High Efficiency Filter?
Robert Swezey, Member, TG Associates, Menlo Park, CA

4. Positive Influence of Pre-Filters on Overall System Performance
Erik Kuiper, Member, Filtrait R.V., Holland, The Netherlands

Seminar 18
Chapter 39--Something New in the 1998 ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook: Low Temperature Refrigeration
Sponsor: TC 10.04, Ultra-Low Temperature Systems and Cryogenics
Chair: Rudy Stegmann, P.E., Member, The Enthalpy Exchange, Inc., Williamsburg, VA